Please note that this index is a work in progress.

Genus starts with: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y |

: [amplexus, copulation, reproduction] 1. males are larger than females. [Photo]

Abalone : [defense] 1. juveniles shelter under spine canopy of sea urchins. Rogers-Bennett & Pearse 2001 [Text only]

Abalone : [larva] 1. speculation on the function of torsion in gastropod development. Garstang 1929 [Drawing]

Abalone : [home] 1. introduction to abalones in home file for abalone part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Abalone : [] 1. snail meets abalone animation. [Animation]

Abalone : [map] 1. snail's map with abalone highlighted. [Drawing]

Abalone : [classification] 1. classification of SuperOrder Vetigastropoda, including abalones and other snails. []

Abalone : [chemical, defense] 1. introduction to chemical defenses in abalone. []

Abarenicola pacifica: [burrow, density] 1. comments on burrow density and bioturbation effects. [Photo]

Abarenicola pacifica: [competitive exclusion] 1. field experiments to investigate interactions with settling spionids Pseudopolydora kempi. Woodin 1985 [Graph]

Abarenicola pacifica: [burrowing, density] 1. bioturbation activities of lugworms increase general health of mudflats. [Photo]

Abarenicola pacifica: [burrow] 1. description of burrow and its functioning. Swinbanks & Murray 1981 [Photo, Drawing]

Abarenicola pacifica: [burrow] 1. description of burrows and their functioning . Taghorn & Green 1990 [Photo, Drawing]

Abarenicola pacifica: [burrow, distribution] 1. burrow distribution is clumped, rather than being random. Kruger & Woodin 1983 [Drawing]

Abarenicola pacifica: [activity, behaviour] 1. recordings of activities of several burrowing invertebrates. Wethey & Woodin 2005 [Graph]

Abarenicola pacifica: [diet] 1. diet in San Juan Island consists of bacteria and diatoms. Hobson 1967 [Drawing]

Abarenicola pacifica: [diet, food quality] 1. some evidence of "gardening" by the worms with respect to their bacterial foods. Hyllenberg 1975 [Photo]

Abarenicola pacifica: [anoxia, physiological ecology] 1. measurements of oxygen concentration in burrows during high and low tides. May 1972 [Text only]

Abarenicola pacifica: [osmoconformer] 1. study on osmoregulatory abilities in Coos Bay, Oregon. Oglesby 1973 [Graph]

Abarenicola pacifica: [predation] 1. effects of experimental removal of tail ends to mimic predator. Woodin 1984 [Graph]

Abarenicola spp.: [burrowing, bioturbation] 1. brief description of burrowing. Trueman & Ansell 1969 [Drawing]

Abarenicola spp.: [bioturbation, burrowing] 1. brief description of burrowing. Wells 1961 [Drawing]

Abarenicola spp.: [burrow] 1. drawings of burrows. Hylleberg 1975 [Photo, Drawing]

Abarenicola spp.: [burrow, morphology] 1. examine burrows of these and other invertebrates from the standpoint of special construction features to resist influx of toxic hydrogen-sulphide gas. Zorn et al. 2006 [Text only]

Abarenicola spp.: [diet] 1. information on diets. May 1972 [Drawing]

Abarenicola vagabunda: [diet] 1. diet in San Juan Island consists of bacteria and diatoms. Hobson 1967 [Drawing]

Abeitinaria spp.: [functional morphology, water flow] 1. evolution of streamlining in hydroid colonies. Harvell & Labarbera 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Acantholithodes hispidus: [larva] 1. description of larval and megalopal stages. Hong et al. 2004 [Drawing]

Acanthophora granulata: [ocelli, photoreceptor] 1. detailed description of eye-like properties of ocelli or aesthetes in the shell valves. Speiser et al. 2011 [Photo, Drawing]

Acanthopleura echinata: [morphology, radula, structure] 1. chemical and physical structure of the radula cusps. 2. not a west-coast species. Brooker et al. 2003 [Drawing]

Acmaea mitra: [camouflage, defense] 1. commonly encrusted with coralline algae Hildenbrandia sp. possibly for defense. [Photo]

Acmaea mitra: [predation, prey capture] 1. being pulled off the substratum by a sea star Orthasterias koehleri. [Photo]

Acmaea mitra: [desiccation, physiological ecology, zonation] 1. zonation of this species and 3 Lottia species in Oregon corresponds with critical tide factors. 2. desiccation may be involved. Shotwell 950 [Photo, Graph]

Acmaea mitra: [aggregation, mechanism, radula] 1. compares radula structure and function with that of Lottia scutum. Padilla 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Acmaea mitra: [reproduction, spawning] 1. spawning occurs in winter with quick rebuilding of gonads. Fritchman 1961 [Photo, Graph]

Acmaea testudinalis: [development] 1. drawings of early development used for description of Lottia digitalis. Kessel 1964 [Drawing]

Aeolidia papillosa: [predation] 1. predator of sea anemones Anthopleura spp.. [Drawing]

Aeolidia papillosa: [predation] 1. induces several defensive reactions in prey sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Harris & Howe 1979 [Photo]

Aeolidia papillosa: [alarm, pheromone] 1. eats sea anemone Anthopleura and incorporates alarm pheromone anthopleurine into its own tissues. Howe & Harris 1978 [Photo, Graph, Table of Data]

Aeolidia papillosa: [alarm, pheromone] 1. description of predator-prey interactions between a nudibranch, sea anemones Anthopleura spp., and a sculpin Clinocottus globiceps. Hand 1994 [Photo, Drawing]

Aeolidia papillosa: [acontia, defense, predation] 1. ilicits extrusion of acontia (mesenterial filaments) when attacks sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Edmunds et al. 1976 [Photo]

Aeolidia papillosa: [acontia, defense, predation] 1. predator/prey relationship with sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Waters 1972 [Photo]

Aeolidia papillosa: [predation] 1. effect on sea-anemone population numbers Anthopleura elegantissima by its predatory activity. Sebens 1983 [Photo]

Aeolidia papillosa: [predation, preferences] 1. prefers small-sized individuals when attacking sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima. Harris 1986 [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [diel] 1. 7 species from the San Juan Islands, Washington are included in the study. Mills 1983 [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Chris Gunn, Campbell River, British Columbia. Gunn [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [food, predator] 1. preys on herring larvae in Georgia Strait, British Columbia. 2. other hydromedusans that eat herring larvae include Bougainvillia multitentaculata, Sarsia tubulosa, Eutonina indicans, Stomatoca atra, and Clytia gregaria. Arai & Hay 1982 [Graph]

Aequorea victoria: [food, predation, preferences] 1. preference for herring larvae Cluea harengus pallasi. Purcell et al. 1987 [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Chris Gunn, Vancouver Island. Gunn [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [food, preferences] 1. list of prey types, but showing distinct preference for eggs and larvae of herring. Purcell 1989 [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Chris Gunn, Campbell River, British Columbia. Gunn [Photo]

Aequorea victoria: [food, predator, preferences] 1. most important predator of herring larvae among 15 species of hydomedusans examined around Vancouver Island. Purcell 1990 [Drawing]

Aequorea victoria: [competition, interspecific, prey] 1. diet overlaps with other hydromedusan species. 2. preferentially eats the competing species Clytia gregaria and Rathkea octopunctata. Purcell 1991 [Graph]

Aequorea victoria: [osmoconformer, osmotic regulation] 1. tests several other species for osmoregulatory ability; all are osmoconformers. Mills 1984 [Drawing, Graph]

Aequorea victoria: [oxygen consumption, anoxia] 1. some ability to oxyregulate in hypoxic conditions. Rutherford & Thuesen 2005 [Photo, Graph]

Aequorea victoria: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Chris Gunn, Campbell River, British Columbia. [Photo]

Aglaja diomedea: [predator] 1. in some areas eats nemerteans Paranemertes peregrina. Roe 1976 [Text only]

Aglan digitale: [behaviour, locomotion] 1. comparative study of locomotory behaviour in 6 species of hydromedusae in San Juan Islands, Washington. Colin & Costello 2002 [Drawing, Graph]

Aglantha digitale: [diel, vertical migration] 1. undergoes diel vertical migrations in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Arai & Fulton 1973 [Text only]

Aglantha digitale: [food] 1. an individual stuffed with copepod prey. [Photo]

Aglantha digitale: [feeding] 1. description of fishing behaviour. 2. first evidence of statocyst function in a hydromedusa. Mackie 1980 [Drawing]

Aglantha digitale: [swimming, escape] 1. description of nervous elements involved with swimming. Singla 1978 [Photo]

Aglantha digitale: [defense, escape, swimming, nervous system] 1. describe giant axons involved with fast escape swimming. Roberts & Mackie 1980 [Drawing, Graph]

Aglantha digitale: [aesthetasc, defense, escape, nervous system, swimming] 1. describe giant axons involved with escape swimming. Donaldson et al. 1980 [Drawing, Graph]

Aglantha digitale: [predation] 1. preyed on by Aequorea aequorea. Roberts & Mackie 1980 [Drawing, Graph]

Alcyonium sp.: [host, reproduction, symbiont] 1. used for a time by juveniles of basket stars Gorgonocephalus eucnemis as a host. 2. juvenile basket stars may feed on eggs and embryos of Alcyonium. Patent 1970 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Alia carinata: [camouflage, mimicry] 1. snail is mimicked by amphipod. Caine 1969 [Photo]

Alia carinata: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle. Schroeder [Photo]

Alia carinata: [defense] 1. shells of this snail species used as domiciles by amphipods Photis conchicola. Carter 1982 [Drawing]

Alia carinata: [predation, prey] 1. eaten by sea stars Leptasterias hexactis in surfgrass habitats in northern California. Fishlyn & Phillips 1980 [Photo]

Alloniscus perconvexus: [predation] 1. this isopod is preyed upon by rove beetles Thinopinus pictus. Richards 1983 [Photo]

Alloniscus perconvexus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Jonathan Wright, Pomona College, California. Wright [Photo]

Alloniscus  perconvexus: [prey] 1. eaten by adult rove beetles Thinopinus pictus. Craig 1970 [Photo]

Alloniscus  perconvexus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Jonathan Wright, Pomona College, California. Wright [Photo]

Alvania  compacta: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle, Washington. Schroeder [Photo]

Alvania  spp.: [predation] 1. eaten by cottids Artedius spp. and other fishes. Norton 1988 [Photo]

Americhelidium sp.: [behaviour, tidal rhythm] 1. aspects of tidal rhythms in behaviour. Enright 1963 [Graph]

Americhelidium sp.: [behaviour, pressure] 1. laboratory tests of pressure effects on activity. Enright 1961 [Text only]

Ampelisca agassizi: [predation] 1. description of gray whales preying on subtidal populations. Oliver et al. 1984 [Drawing]

Ampelisca agassizi: [predation] 1. description of gray whales preying on subtidal populations. Oliver et al. 1984 [Drawing]

Ampelisca careyi: [predation] 1. subtidal population preyed on by gray whales. Dunham & Duffus 2002 [Text only]

Ampelisca robustus: [predation] 1. predation by gray whales on subtidal populations of amphipods. Dunham & Duffus 2002 [Text only]

Amphibalanus amphitrite: [physiological ecology, salinity] 1. life in the Salton Sea, California. Raimondi 1992 [Photo, Drawing]

Amphiodia  occidentalis: [gonad index, season] 1. seasonal gonadal indices for 5 species of California ophiuroids. Rumrill & Pearse 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Amphiodia  occidentalis: [development] 1. development egg to juvenile. Emlet 2006 [Photo]

Amphiodia  urtica: [autotomy, defense, predation] 1. description of arm-autotomy and general defense behaviour. [Photo]

Amphiodia  urtica: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Bill Austin, Khoyotan Marine Laboratory, Victoria. Austin [Photo]

Amphiodia  urtica: [parasitism] 1. copepod Caribeopsyllus amphiodiae inhabits gut. Ho et al. 2003 [Photo, Drawing]

Amphiodia  urtica: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Bill Austin, Khoyotan Marine Laboratory, Victoria. Austin [Photo]

Amphiolis  squamata: [gonad index, season] 1. seasonal gonadal indices for 5 species of California ophiuroids. Rumrill & Pearse 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Amphipod : [home] 1. introduction to amphipods in home file for amphipod part of the ODYSSEY. [Text only]

Amphipod : [] 1. snail meets amphipod animation. [Animation]

Amphipod : [map] 1. snail's map with amphipod highlighted. [Drawing]

Amphipod : [classification] 1. classification of Order Amphipoda, including amphipods. [Text only]

Amphipod : [vision] 1. function of eyes of amphipods and visual acuity. Hallberg et al. 1980 [Photo, Drawing]

Amphipod : [quiz] 1. quiz on celestial navigation in amphipods. [Text only]

Amphipod : [dispersal] 1. dispersal of adults by rafting on algal mats. Highsmith 1985 [Photo]

Amphipod : [reproduction] 1. description of reproductive events in amphipods. [Text only]

Amphipod : [physiological ecology] 1. description of aspects of an amphipod's physiological ecology. 2. special challenges for life on land. [Text only]

Amphipod : [optimal foraging] 1. critical review of optimal-foraging models. Richards 1983 [Text only]

Amphipod : [reproduction] 1. short overview of amphipod reproduction. [Text only]

Amphipod : [predation] 1. introduction to topic of vertebrate predators of amphipods. [Text only]

Amphipod : [predation] 1. tidepool fishes in southern California feed on amphipods. Mitchell 1953 [Text only]

Amphipod : [predation] 1. shallow-water fishes in Dillon Beach, California prefer diets of amphipods. Grossman 1986 [Text only]

Amphipod : [aposemetism] 1. introduction to aposematism or warning coloration. [Text only]

Amphipod Corophiid: [feeding] 1. general features of a corophiid amphipod. Kozloff 1974 [Drawing]

Amphipod sp.: [camouflage, mimicry] 1. undescribed amphipod may gain protection through camouflage mimicry of its host hydroid Corymorpha. [Photo]

Amphipod spp.: [competition, guild, habitat] 1. habitat competitiveness in an amphipod guild in California. Gunnill 1983 [Photo]

Amphipod spp.: [competition] 1. habitat competitiveness in an amphipod guild in California. Gunnill 1984 [Photo]

Amphissa columbiana: [development] 1. information on torsion in several gastropods, including moon snails Euspira lewisii. Bondar & Page 2003 [Text only]

Anemone : [quiz] 1. quiz on mucus involvement in nematocyst discharge. [Text only]

Anemone : [nematocyst] 1. comparison of nematocysts and other stinging devices in west-coast sea anemones. Hand 1954 []

Anemone : [defense, swimming] 1. general consideration of detachment response in sea anemones to presence of a predator. Houtman et al. 1997 [Graph]

Anemone : [nematocyst] 1. introduction to terminology relating to cnidae (nematocysts and spirocysts) of cnidarians. [Drawing]

Anemone : [nematocyst] 1. description of how a nematocyst functions. Kass-Simon & Scappaticci 2002 [Drawing]

Anemone : [nematocyst] 1. mechanism of adhesion of a nematocyst. Thorington & Hessinger 1990 [Drawing]

Anemone : [nematocyst] 1. mechanism of adhesion of nematocysts. Thorington & Hessinger 1996 [Drawing]

Anemone : [home] 1. introduction to sea anemones in home file for anemone part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Anemone : [] 1. snail meets anemone. [Animation]

Anemone : [map] 1. snail's map with anemone highlighted. []

Anemone : [classification] 1. classification of SubClass Hexacorallia including sea anemones. [Text only]

Anthopleura artemisia: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. effect of burial on symbiont presence. Wels et al. 2002 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression] 1. description of clonal separation in the lab and fiels. Francis 1973 [Photo, Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression, acrorhagi] 1. mechanism of clonal segregation involving acrorhagi. 2. description of different attack and defensive structures in sea anemones, including acrorhagi, catch or fighting tentacles, and sweeper tentacles . Francis 1973 [Photo, Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression] 1. animated 3D video of clonal aggression . [Video]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression] 1. use of warrior polyps in aggression. Ayre & Grosberg 1996 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression, warrior polyps] 1. superior versus recessive warrior polyps. Francis 1976 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [clone] 1. size of clones in the field. Sebens 1982 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression, heat-shock proteins] 1. levels of Hsp70 in relation to warrior-polyp stress. Rossi & Snyder 2001 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [aggression] 1. interspecific aggression against Corynactis californica. Chadwick 1987 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction, asexual] 1. description of longitudinal fission, one of 2 types of asexual reproduction found in sea anemones. Ford 1964 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual, reproduction] 1. description of longitudinal fission. Francis 1973 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. 2 types of sexual modes. Francis 1979 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. 2 types of reproductive modes. Sebens 1983 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. 2 types of reproductive modes. Smith & Potts 1987 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. reproductive modes. McFadden et al. 1997 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual, reproduction] 1. mechanism of asexual reproduction. Sebens 1980 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual, reproduction] 1. mode of asexual reproduction. Sebens 1983 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual, reproduction] 1. mode of asexual reproduction. Ferrell 2005 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual] 1. scar tissue formed. Sebens 1982 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [asexual, reproduction] 1. seasonal rates. Sebens 1983 []

Anthopleura elegantissima: [quiz] 1. quiz on clonal aggregations . [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [desiccation] 1. attachment of protective debris. Hart & Crowe 1977 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [physiological ecology] 1. use of adenylate energy charge (AEC) as an indicator of stress. Smith & Watt 1994 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [heat-shock proteins, stress] 1. stresses related to tidal exposure reflected in heat-shock protein levels. Snyder & Rossi 2004 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [pheromone] 1. alarm pheromone from damaged conspecific induces withdrawal. Howe & Sheikh 1975 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [defense] 1. description of defensive responses to attach by nudibranch predator Aeolidia papillosa. Harris & Howe 1979 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [nematocyst] 1. distribution of nematocyst and spirocysts in the body. [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [nematocyst] 1. scaling of nematocyst size. Francis 2004 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [zooxanthella, zoochlorella] 1. differential distribution of symbionts in cave-inhabiting individuals. Secord & Muller-Parker 2005 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. behavioral regulation of light intensity by sea anemones in relation to needs of symbionts. Pearse 1974 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. behaviour of host sea anemones in relation to light needs of their symbionts. Fredericks 1976 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. behaviour of host sea anemones in relation to light needs of their symbionts. Pearse 1974 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [covering response] 1. possible function of gravel covering. Dykens & Shick 1984 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [temperature , zoochlorella, zooxanthella, light] 1. temperature and light effects on growth of symbionts. Saunders & Muller-Parker 1997 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. geographic and microhabitat differences affect symbiont presence or absence in host. Secord & Augustine 2000 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [temperature , zooxanthella] 1. temperature affects species of symbiont in host. Muller-Parker et al. 2007 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [predation, symbiont] 1. fate of symbionts after being eaten by predatory sea star Dermasterias. Bachman & Muller-Parker 2007 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [habitat, symbiont] 1. habitat effects on fitness of symbionts. Bates et al. 2010 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [energetics, feeding, preferences] 1. comparison of feeding energetics and prey-size selected with other sea anemones Anthopleura xanthogrammica and Metridium senile. Sebens 1981 [Drawing, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [behaviour, feeding, preferences] 1. feeding behaviour and foods eaten. Sebens 1981 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [competition, habitat] 1. effect of removal on other benthic organisms at San Nicolas Island, California. Taylor & Littler 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [habitat] 1. description of study area for sea-anemone removals at San Nicolas Island, California. Littler et al. 1983 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [physiology, stress, ultraviolet] 1. UV exposure has no effect on concentration of mycosporine-like amino acids . Stochaj et al. 1994 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [oxygen consumption] 1. comparison of oxygen consumption in air and water with a subtidal species Metridium senile. Shick et al. 1979 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [feeding, physiological ecology] 1. effect of intertidal height on feeding rates. Zamer 1986 [Photo, Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [physiological ecology, energy budget] 1. energy-budget comparisons at different intertidal heights. Zamer & Shick 1987 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [acontia, defense, predator] 1. defends against attack by nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa by extrusion of acontia (mesenterial filaments). Edmunds et al. 1976 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [defense, predator] 1. predator/prey relationship with nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa. Waters 1972 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [predation] 1. effect of predation by nudibranchs Aeolidia papillosa on population numbers. Sebens 1983 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [behaviour, defense] 1. defensive behaviour when attacked by nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa. Edmunds et al. 1976 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [predation, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. fate of symbionts of prey sea anemones when eaten by sculpins Clinocottus globiceps. Augustine & Muller-Parker 1998 [Table of Data]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. description of life cycle and planula larva. Schwarz et al. 2002 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction, gonad index] 1. description of sexual reproduction including gonad indices. Ford 1964 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. reproductive cycle measured as change in oocyte diameters. Jennison 1979 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [reproduction] 1. sexual reproductive cycle measured as tissue-lipid contents. Jennison 1979 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [life cycle, settlement] 1. seasonal settlement of larvae; data for A. xanthogrammica also included. Sebens 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [sensory, larva] 1. description of nervous and sensory systems in planula larva. Chia & Koss 1979 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, photosynthesis] 1. photosynthetic symbionts provide amino acids, glycerol, and glucose to their hosts. Wels et al. 2002 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. 2 species of Symbiodinium zooxanthellae described: S. muscatinei and S. californium. LaJeunesse & Trench 2000 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [genetics, symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. 3 genotypes of zooxanthella Symbiodinium muscatinei described. Sanders & Palumbi 2011 [Drawing]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [symbiont, zooxanthella, planula] 1. entry of symbionts via consumption by planula larva. McCloskey et al. 1996 [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont] 1. photosynthate contribution described in 2 papers. Trench 1971 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photo courtesy] 1. photo of Symbiodinium zooxanthellae courtesy Max Taylor, University of British Columbia. Taylor [Photo]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [energetics, physiology, symbiont] 1. energy metabolism of symbionts under different conditions of light and nutrition of the host. Fitt & Pardy 1981 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. contribution of photosynthates from zooxanthellae. Fitt et al. 1982 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont] 1. photosynthate contribution during shading of host. Shick & Dykens 1984 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. photosynthate contribution from zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae. Verde & McCloskey 1996 [Text only]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [density, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. regulation of densities of symbionts. McCloskey et al. 1996 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. transfer of photosynthates measured at different temperatures. Engebretson & Muller-Parker 1999 [Graph]

Anthopleura elegantissima: [photosynthesis, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. density and photosynthate-transfer measurements. Bergschneider & Muller-Parker 2008 [Text only]

Anthopleura sp.: [photo courtesy] 1. photo of its zooxanthellae courtesy Max Taylor, University of British Columbia. Taylor [Photo]

Anthopleura spp.: [pheromone, alarm] 1. test of alarm pheromone anthopleurine on withdrawal response in a number of sea anemones. Howe 1976 [Drawing, Table of Data]

Anthopleura spp.: [symbiont] 1. cave-dwelling individuals lack symbionts. [Photo, Text only]

Anthopleura spp.: [growth, density] 1. interspecific densities affect growth. Sebens 1982 [Graph]

Anthopleura spp.: [density, growth] 1. interspecific effects of density on growth. Sebens 1983 [Graph]

Anthopleura spp.: [mycosporine-like amino acids, symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. relationship of zooxanthellae concentration with content of mycosporine-like amino acids. Shick et al. 2002 [Graph]

Anthopleura spp.: [larval dispersal, reproduction] 1. planula larva feeds using sticky thread. 2. information on 2 species A. elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica. Siebert 1974 [Photo]

Anthopleura spp.: [symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. photosynthetic symbionts impart brownish and greenish colours to their hosts. O'Brien 1978 [Photo]

Anthopleura spp.: [symbiont, zooxanthella] 1. new species of chlorophyte described, present in both species of west-coast Anthopleura. Letsch et al. 2009 [Photo]

Anthopleura spp.: [photosynthesis, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. only zooxanthella release photosynthates to host. 2. zoochlorellae parasitic?. Muscatine 1971 []

Anthopleura spp.: [heat-shock proteins, photosynthesis, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. carbon translocation from both types of symbionts monitored by radiolabeled carbon. O'Brien 1980 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [acrorhagi, aggression] 1. use of acrorhagi in territorial spacing. Bigger 1980 [Drawing]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [aggression, habituation] 1. territorial spacing in the field. Seben 1984 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [defense, swimming] 1. response to contact by predatory nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa. [Drawing]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [nematocyst] 1. scaling of nematocyst size. Francis 2004 [Graph]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [zooxanthella] 1. high-shore individuals have mostly zooxanthellae. Bates 2000 [Photo, Drawing]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. geographic and microhabitat effects on distribution of symbionts in host. Secord & Augustine 2000 [Drawing]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [habitat, symbiont] 1. habitat effects on fitness of symbionts. Bates et al. 2010 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [behaviour, water flow] 1. comparison of body shape in water currents with the filter-feeding Metridium farcimen. Koehl 1977 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [water flow] 1. video of sea anemone in surge channel. [Video]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [energetics, feeding, preferences] 1. comparison feeding energetics and prey-size selected with other sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and Metridium farcimen. Sebens 1981 [Drawing, Graph]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [food, preferences] 1. foods eaten in tidepools and surge channels. Sebens 1981 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [habitat, preferences] 1. habitat specialisation comparison with Metridium farcimen. Koehl 1977 [Drawing, Graph]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [habitat, preferences] 1. habitat specialisation of sea anemones. Koehl 1977 [Graph]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [aggression, intraspecific] 1. juveniles find refuge in mussel beds. Sebens 1981 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [habitat, recruitment] 1. effects on population of harvesting individuals for anthopleurin polypeptides in certain habitats on the Oregon coast. Batchelder & Gonor 1981 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [gonad index, reproduction] 1. comparison of seasonal gonad indices with A. elegantissima. Sebens 1981 [Photo, Graph]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [symbiont, zoochlorella] 1. update on the phylogenetic status of its symbionts. Lewis & Muller-Parker 2004 [Photo]

Anthopleura xanthogrammica: [symbiont, temperature , zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. temperature effects on growth and expulsion of symbionts. O'Brian & Wyttenbach 1980 [Graph]

Anthopleura  elegantissima: [mycosporine-like amino acids, physiological ecology, symbiont] 1. comparison of MAA protection conferred in individuals with and without symbionts. Banaszak & Trench 1995 [Graph]

Anthopleura  xanthogrammica: [predator] 1. has a crab Pugettia sp. caught in its tentacles. [Photo]

Anthopleura  xanthogrammica: [energy budget, symbiont, zoochlorella, zooxanthella] 1. greater energy contribution from zoochlorellae than from mussel food. Levine & Muller-Parker 2012 [Photo]

Anthopleura  elegantissima: [stimulus] 1. mucus involvement in nematocyst discharge. Ertman & Davenport 1981 [Table of Data]

Aplysia spp.: [development] 1. mechanism of torsion in sea hares Aplysia and littorinid snails. Thompson 1967 [Drawing]

Aporobopyrus muguensis: [branchial chamber, parasitism] 1. deleterious effects on its host crab Pachycheles rudis. Van Wyk 1982 [Graph]

Arctonoe vittata: [attractant, symbiont] 1. symbiotic scaleworm on gumboot chitons Cryptochiton stelleri. Webster 1968 [Photo]

Arctonoe vittata: [defense, symbiont] 1. is known to inhabit the mantle cavity of keyhole limpets and come out to bite at the tube feet of attacking sea stars. 2. parasite or mutual?. [Photo]

Arctonoe vittata: [defense, symbiont] 1. possible first description of its unusual behaviour in attacking sea stars that are attacking its host keyhole limpet Diodora aspera. Dimock & Dimock 1969 [Photo]

Arctonoe vittata: [host] 1. experiments to determine how the scaleworm seeks out and finds its host keyhole limpet Diodora aspera. 2. antennae seem to be most important. Gerber & Stout 1968 [Drawing, Table of Data]

Armadillidium vulgare: [predation] 1. fall into streams in the Big Sur and are eaten by salmon. Rundio & Lindley 2008 [Photo]

Armadillidium vulgare: [colonisation of land, marsupium] 1. description of a "closed"-type marsupium. [Photo]

Artedius harringtoni: [morphology, mouth] 1. explanation of mouth morphology enabling the crushing of shells of snail prey. Norton 1988 [Photo]

Astrangia lajollaensis: [competition, interspecific] 1. competitively dominant over cup corals Balanophyllia elegans. Chadwick 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Aurelia aurita: [carnivore, food] 1. all life stages eat larval herring Clupea harangus pallasi. 2. species likely to have actually been Aurelia labiata. Arai & Hay 1982 [Drawing]

Aurelia aurita: [feeding, swimming] 1. describes swimming and possible feeding mechanisms. 2. data applicable to the west-coast species Aurelia labiata. Costello & Colin 1994 [Drawing]

Aurelia aurita: [food, preferences] 1. dietary preferences of juveniles and adults. 2. preference of larger medusae for barnacle nauplii and hydromedusae. Sullivan et al. 1994 [Photo]

Aurelia aurita: [age, food, growth] 1. growth of ephyrae can reach 35% per day in early life. Bamstedt et al. 1999 [Photo]

Aurelia aurita: [food] 1. describes diet of young ephyae. 2. study done in Norway. Bamstedt et al. 2001 [Text only]

Aurelia aurita: [DOM, nutrition] 1. scyphistomae are able to take up dissolved amino acids. 2. work done in Corpus Christi, Texas. Shick 1973 [Text only]

Aurelia aurita: [DOM, nutrition] 1. scyphistoma polyps utilise dissolved organic matter for nutrition. 2. work done in Corpus Christi, Texas. Shick 1975 [Text only]

Aurelia aurita: [buoyancy] 1. possible exclusion of heavy sulphate ions to increase buoyancy. Bidigare & BIggs 1980 [Photo]

Aurelia aurita: [swimming, symbiont, velocity] 1. description of swimming mode. Costello & Colin 1994 [Photo]

Aurelia aurita: [behaviour, diel, swimming] 1. proposed orientation to sun. Hamner et al. 1994 [Drawing, Graph]

Aurelia aurita: [development, life cycle] 1. description of strobilation in the European Aurelia aurita. Percival 1923 [Photo, Drawing]

Aurelia aurita: [development, growth] 1. growth of medusae to adult (40mm dia) in 40d in the Gulf of Mexico. Spangenberg 1965 [Photo]

Aurelia aurita: [asexual, budding, reproduction] 1. conditions favouring budding of scyphistoma polyps in Virginia. Coyne 1973 [Graph]

Aurelia aurita: [larva, reproduction, settlement] 1. settlement of planula larvae. Brewer 1978 [Text only]

Aurelia labiata: [life cycle, reproduction] 1. generalised life cycle of a jellyfish. Lucas 2001 [Photo, Drawing]

Aurelia labiata: [food] 1. studies on importance of jellyfish predation on fish larvae. 2. experiments done in Scotland. Bailey & Batty 1983 [Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [carnivore, food] 1. importance of jellyfish predation on fish larvae. Bailey & Batty 1984 [Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [prey] 1. eaten by jellyfish Phacellophora camtschatica. Strand & Hamner 1988 [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [swimming] 1. video of swimming individual. [Video]

Aurelia labiata: [diet] 1. summer diet in Alaska is primarily copepods. Purcell & Sturdevant 2001 [Photo, Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [diet] 1. diet in Alaska. 2. some dietary overlap with commercial fishes. Purcell 2003 [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [growth] 1. experiments on optimal temperature for growth. 2. done at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Widmer 2005 [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [] 1. diets in Oregon mainly euphausid eggs and larvae. 2. some overlap with diets of fishes and Chrysaora fuscescens. Brodeur et al. 2008 [Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [diet] 1. adults in Oregon opportunistically prey on a variety of planktonic animals. Suchman et al. 2008 [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [swimming] 1. video of many individuals swimming. [Video]

Aurelia labiata: [aggregation, behaviour, swimming] 1. details of aggregated swimming behaviour. Purcell et al. 2000 [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [behaviour, swimming] 1. observations on different behaviours exhibited during swimming. Albert 2008 [Photo, Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Eric Broberg, British Columbia. Broberg [Photo]

Aurelia labiata: [behaviour, swimming] 1. observations of field behaviour during swimming. Albert 2012 [Text only]

Aurelia labiata: [behaviour, neural] 1. imaginative descriptions of neural capabilities. Albert 2011 [Text only]

Aurelia labiata: [life cycle, reproduction] 1. generalised life cycle as in other species. Grondahl 1988 [Photo, Drawing]

Aurelia labiata: [asexual, reproduction, budding] 1. description of budding in the scyphistoma (polyp) stage. Gilchrist 1937 [Drawing]

Aurelia labiata: [life cycle, reproduction] 1. studies in Roscoe Bay, British Columbia. Albert 2005 [Text only]

Aurelia labiata: [behaviour, reproduction] 1. behaviour favourable to reproduction. Albert 2007 [Drawing]

Aurelia labiata: [development, growth, reproduction] 1. laboratory study of conditions favourable for production of buds and ephyrae. Purcell 2007 [Photo, Graph]

Aurelia labiata: [asexual, reproduction] 1. field study of strobilation intensity in polyps. Purcell et al. 2009 [Photo, Graph]

Aurelia  labiata: [carnivore, food] 1. all life stages eat larval herring Clupea harengus pallasii. 2. identified incorrectly as Aurelia aurita in the paper. Arai & Hay 1982 [Drawing]

Aurelia  aurita: [behaviour, escape, predation] 1. description of Aurelia's escape behaviour from jellyfishes Phacellophora camtschatica. Strand & Hamner 1988 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Auricularia : [suspension feeding] 1. description of ciliary-band feeding. Strathmann 1971 [Drawing]

Axiothella rubrocincta: [diet, feeding] 1. description of diet and feeding. Kudenov 1978 [Drawing]

Axiothella rubrocincta: [feeding] 1. field studies on feeding rates. Kudenov 1982 [Drawing]

Axiothella rubrocincta: [competitive exclusion] 1. potential competition with 6 species of smaller spionid worms in Tomales Bay, California. Weinberg 1979 [Text only]

Axiothella rubrocincta: [predation, regeneration] 1. effects of experimental removal of tail ends to mimic loss to predators. Woodin 1984 [Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [aggression] 1. interspecific aggression against Corynactis californica. Chadwick 1987 [Drawing]

Balanophyllia elegans: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with 3 other cnidarian species. Chadwick 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [] 1. video showing even spacing between individuals. [Video]

Balanophyllia elegans: [competition, interspecific] 1. out-competed for space by algae. Coyer et al. 1993 [Photo, Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [competition, interspecific] 1. competitively dominant over colonial tunicates Trididemnum opacum. Bruno & Witman 1996 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanophyllia elegans: [distribution, temperature , depth] 1. populations occur only subtidally south of Point Conception, California coincidental with higher water temperature. Gerrodette 1979 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [dispersal, genetics] 1. highly restricted gene flow commensurate with limited dispersal potental. Hellberg 1995 [Photo]

Balanophyllia elegans: [feeding, food] 1. brief description of food and feeding. [Photo]

Balanophyllia elegans: [defense, predation] 1. photographs of nematocyst batteries, a withdrawn polyp, and a sensitive sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides. [Photo]

Balanophyllia elegans: [planula, reproduction] 1. crawling planula larvae released during winter/early spring. Fadlallah & Pearse 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [larval dispersal] 1. species dispersal is limited to larval-crawling potential. Gerrodette 1981 [Text only]

Balanophyllia elegans: [fecundity, reproduction] 1. annual fecundity is relatively low, at about 30-40 embryos per large female, but survival is high. Fadlallah 1983 [Graph]

Balanophyllia elegans: [life cycle, reproduction, gametogenesis] 1. planula release governed by temperature. Beauchamp 1993 [Photo]

Balanophyllia elegans: [polyp] 1. unusual fusion of genetically distinct polyps. Hellberg & Taylor 2002 [Photo]

Balanophyllia elegans: [cues, larva, settlement] 1. larvae discriminate between different habitat conditions. Altieri 2003 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus balanoides: [development, attachment] 1. comparison of attachment strengths at different stages of development. Crisp et al. 1985 [Table of Data]

Balanus balanoides: [cyprid larva] 1. features of "footprints" left behind by the antennule tips as the cyprid assesses its environment. Walker & Yule 1984 [Photo]

Balanus crenatus: [growth, current velocity] 1. comparison of effects of current velocity on growth rates in 4 species of barnacles. Eckman & Duggins 1993 [Graph]

Balanus crenatus: [larva, larval dispersal, settlement, tides] 1. patterns of settlement of larvae in relation to tidal cycles. Grosberg 1982 [Graph]

Balanus crenatus: [development, life cycle] 1. development through metamorphosis. Herz 1933 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus crenatus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [attachment, cyprid larva] 1. description of cement gland of larva. Khandeparker Anil 2007 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [feeding, cirrus] 1. description of cirral-net feeding . [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [cirrus, water flow] 1. relationship of cirrus lengths with current velocity. Arsenault et al. 2001 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cirrus, scaling] 1. comparison with 3 other species. Marchinko & Palmer 2003 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cirrus, water flow, wave exposure] 1. effects of currents and waves on cirrus length. Marchinko 2003 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cirrus, water flow] 1. cirrus leg lengths at different current velocities. Li & Denny 2004 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [cirrus, water flow, wave exposure, plasticity] 1. effect of water velocity on feeding behaviour. Marchinko 2007 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [growth, cement ] 1. description of how cement glands are involved in growth. Lacombe 1970 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [cement , growth] 1. involvement of cement glands in growth. Wiegemann 2005 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [cement , growth] 1. involvement of cement glands in growth. Khandeparker Anil 2007 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [energy budget, growth, moulting] 1. seasonal variation in growth and energy budgeting. Wu & Levings 1978 [Graph, Table of Data]

Balanus glandula: [growth] 1. comparative growth in 3 species of barnacles. Hines 1979 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [growth, water flow] 1. comparison of effects of current velocity on growth in 3 barnacle species. Eckman & Duggins 1993 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [growth, wave exposure, upwelling] 1. comparison of effect of wave exposure and upwelling on growth in 2 species of barnacles. Sanford & Menge 2001 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [competition, cyprid larva, intraspecific, settlement] 1. settlement behaviour and spacing in cyprid larvae. [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [growth, reproduction] 1. effects of crowding on growth and reproduction. Wu et al. 1977 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [density, reproduction] 1. effects of crowding on reproduction. Wethey 1984 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [habitat, recruitment] 1. aspects of habitat in relation to recruitment. Schubart et al. 1995 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [wave exposure] 1. effect of wave exposure on various body dimensions. Pentcheff 1991 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [trampling] 1. effect of foot traffic on survival of rock-inhabiting sessile organisms, including barnacles and seaweeds. Jenkins et al. 2002 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [predation] 1. predation by insect larvae Oedoparena. Harley & Lopez 2003 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with Chthamalus dalli and Semibalanus cariosus. Dayton 1971 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with Chthamalus dalli. Paine 1981 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with mussels Mytilus californianus and barnacles Semibalanus cariosus. Lee & Ambrose 1989 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with barnacles Balanus glandula and various seaweeds. Farrell 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with barnacles Chthamalus dalli. Farrell 1989 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [character displacement, cirrus, competitive exclusion] 1. analysis of 6 species of barnacles with respect to character displacement of ramus length of cirri. Marchinko et al. 2004 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [growth, nauplius larva, ration] 1. best food ration to reach cypris stage. Hentschel & Emlet 2000 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [larva, settlement, upwelling] 1. oceanic conditions favouring settlement of larvae. Farrell et al. 1991 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [photo courtesy] 1. photos courtesy Scripps Satellite Oceanographic Facility, La Jolla, California. Scripps []

Balanus glandula: [larval dispersal, tides] 1. larval transport by internal tidal waves. Shanks & Wright 1987 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [genetics, larval dispersal, water flow] 1. latitudinal distribution of genotypes in relation to distribution of larvae by currents. Sotka et al. 2004 [Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [genetics, water flow] 1. latitudinal genetic split maintained by oceanographic mechanisms. Wares & Cunningham 2005 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [larva, larval dispersal, mortality] 1. information on distribution and mortality of larvae in inshore waters. Tapia & Pineda 2007 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [larval dispersal, settlement, wave exposure] 1. larval transport and survival in relation to beach morphology and wave intensity. Shanks et al. 2010 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [predator, survival] 1. survival favoured if limpets Lottia digitalis are excluded from the habitat. Paine 1981 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [predator, settlement, survival, spat] 1. experiments on protection from limpet bulldozing of surface features of the habitat. 2. barnacle larvae preferentially settle in depressions. Miller & Carefoot 1989 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [spat, survival] 1. poorer survival of spat from limpet bulldozing in comparison with spat of Chthamalus dalli. Menge et al. 2010 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [larva, larval dispersal, settlement, tides] 1. settlement patterns of larvae in relation to tidal cycles. Grosberg 1982 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [larva, larval dispersal, settlement, tides] 1. settlement patterns of larvae in relation to tidal cycles. Grosberg 1982 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [larva, settlement, oceanic processes] 1. variability in settlement of larvae in relation to oceanic processes. Gaines et al. 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, oceanic processes, recruitment, settlement] 1. upwelling events involved in settlement of cyprid larvae. Roughgarden et al. 1991 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [el Niño] 1. latitudinal recruitment during el Nino year. Connolly & Roughgarden 1999 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [recruitment] 1. effect of headlands on recruitment in Oregon and California. Connolly et al. 2001 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [genetics, recruitment, water flow] 1. effect of Point Conception headland on genetic structure along the west coast. Wares et al. 2001 [Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [larval dispersal, settlement, water flow, thermocline] 1. comparison of settlement in 2 areas differing in thermocline characteristics and water flow. Pineda & Lopez 2002 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [settlement, productivity] 1. comparison of settlement in 2 areas differing in primary productivity. Leslie et al. 2005 []

Balanus glandula: [recruitment, temperature ] 1. recruitment along the west coast in relation to sea-surface temperatures. Broitman et al. 2008 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [recruitment, settlement] 1. assessment methodologies used play a large role in the type of results obtained. Shanks 2009 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [recruitment, settlement] 1. assessment of methodologies used in studies of settlement and recruitment. Shanks 2009 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [genetics, settlement, upwelling] 1. effects of upwelling on larval transport, settlement, and spatial genetic variation along the Oregon coast. Barshis et al. 2011 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [physiological ecology, salinity] 1. salinity tolerance. Bergen 1968 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [growth, salinity, survival] 1. growth and survivorship in an Oregon estuary. Berger et al. 2006 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [heat-shock proteins, temperature stress] 1. effect of thermal stress on levels of heat-shock proteins. Berger & Emlet 2007 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [physiological ecology, reproduction, salinity] 1. effect of salinity variation on reproductive output in an Oregon estuary. Berger 2009 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [recruitment, settlement] 1. settlement variability in barnacles. Gaines & Roughgarden 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [recruitment, succession, ecology] 1. role of recruitment intensity and succession in community structure. Forde & Raimondi 2004 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [food quality, growth, temperature ] 1. effects of nutrition and temperature on growth and fitness. Emlet & Sadro 2006 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [desiccation, predation, recruitment, salinity, survival, ultraviolet] 1. post settlement survival of recruits. Gosselin & Qian 1996 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [defense, predation] 1. kelp canopy protects larvae from fish predators. Gaines & Roughgarden 1987 [Table of Data]

Balanus glandula: [defense, nutrition, shadow response] 1. effect of various factors such as nutritive state and air-exposure on shadow response. Dill & Gillett 1991 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [life cycle, reproduction] 1. introductory material to topic of reproduction and life cycle. Pechenik et al. 1998 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Chris Neufeld & Rich Palmer, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Neufeld & Palmer [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, development, nauplius larva] 1. development through to cyprid larva. Brown & Roughgarden 1985 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [development, fecundity] 1. comparative developmental schedule between Ladysmith Harbour, British Columbia and La Jolla, California. Barnes & Barnes 1956 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [reproduction, broods] 1. comparison of brood numbers seasonally in 3 species including Chthamalus fissus and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1978 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [broods, reproduction, intertidal level] 1. effect of intertidal level and other factors on brood production. 2. comparison with Chthamalus fissus and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1979 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [reproduction, fertilisation success] 1. effect of nearest-neighbour distance on fertilisation success. Wu 1981 []

Balanus glandula: [broods, larva, reproduction] 1. brood number and time spent in plankton. Gaines et al. 1985 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [reproduction, wave exposure, morphology] 1. effects of wave velocity on penis length. Neufeld & Palmer 2008 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [development, nauplius larva, model] 1. construct model of larval development. Pfeiffer-Hoyt & McManus 2005 [Text only]

Balanus glandula: [predator, withdrawal] 1. withdraws cirri in presence of predator, but not in presence of non-predator. 2. several species of sea stars and snails tested. Palmer et al. 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, intertidal level, settlement, substratum preference] 1. larvae preferentially settle on substrata bearing microflora from a lower interidal level. Strathmann et al. 1981 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement, substratum preference] 1. review of reproductive ecology in marine invertebrates, including barnacles. Strathmann 1979 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement, substratum preference] 1. larvae prefer to settle in empty tests of other barnacles, such as Chthamalus dalli. Qian & Liu 1990 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, growth, settlement, substratum preference, survival] 1. effects on later growth and survival of preferentially settling on either rock or mussels. Lohse 1993 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement, conspecific] 1. photograph showing spat settled on conspecific adult. [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement] 1. comparison of settlement times and features with 2 other species Chthamalus fissus and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1979 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, distribution, intertidal level, settlement] 1. selection of favourable spots to settle by use of various indicator species present in the habitat. Strathmann & Branscomb 1979 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement, ultraviolet] 1. experiments using UV filters show no effect of UV on settlement. Gosselin & Jones 2010 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [distribution, intertidal level, predation] 1. differential predation by whelks Nucells spp. sets lower limits of distribution. Connell 1970 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus glandula: [borehole, predation, preferences] 1. preference by predatory whelks for suture lines between shell plates to bore. Palmer 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [cyprid larva, settlement, substratum preference] 1. cyprids avoid settling in areas frequented by predatory whelks Nucella lamellosa. Johnson & Strathmann 1989 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [community, habitat] 1. detailed description of community composition and interacttions in upper-level barnacle/red alga zone on rocky shores. Glynn 1965 [Photo]

Balanus glandula: [reproduction, settlement] 1. in Monterey Bay settlement tends to be random. 2. comparison with acorn barnacle Chthamalus dalli and goose barnacle Pollicipes polymerus. Satchell & Farrell 1993 [Photo, Graph]

Balanus glandula: [community] 1. effect on grazing activity of limpets Lottia spp.. Geller 1991 [Graph]

Balanus glandula: [anoxia, recruitment] 1. recruitment correlates with relaxation of upwelling along the Oregon coast. Dudas et al. 2009 [Drawing, Graph]

Balanus nubilis: [attachment] 1. description of cement glands. Lacombe 1970 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus nubilis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Arsenault et al. 2001 Proc Roy Soc Lond B 168: 2149. Arsenault et al. 2001 [Photo]

Balanus nubilis: [filter-feeding] 1. feeding with cirri held stationary. [Video]

Balanus nubilis: [filter-feeding] 1. feeding with cirri held stationary. [Video]

Balanus nubilis: [development, nauplius larva, reproduction] 1. description of naupliar development. Barnes & Barnes 1959 [Photo, Drawing]

Balanus spp.: [food] 1. list of foods of west-coast barnacles. Barnes 1959 [Photo]

Bankia setacea: [age, burrowing] 1. use X-ray methodology to plot burrow dimensions over time. Haderlie & Mellor 1972 [Photo]

Bankia  setacea: [competition, interspecific] 1. out-competed by the smaller Teredo navalis. Miller 1926 [Drawing]

Bankia  setacea: [burrowing, competition, intraspecific] 1. features of burrow disposition. Haderlie & Mellor 1972 [Photo]

Bankia  setacea: [burrowing, digestion] 1. ideas on digestion of wood in shipworms. Crosby & Reid 1971 [Photo]

Bankia  setacea: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia. Faculty of Forestry, UBC [Photo]

Bankia  setacea: [digestion] 1. evidence for some digestion of wood. Miller & Boynton 1924 [Text only]

Bankia  setacea: [protandry, reproduction] 1. compares with Teredo navalis. Coe 1941 [Photo]

Barnacle : [growth, moulting] 1. general description of growth and moulting. [Photo]

Barnacle : [cyprid larva, settlement, gregariousness] 1. quiz on benefits of gregarious settlement of larvae of barnacles. [Text only]

Barnacle : [succession] 1. short explanation of models of succession. Connell & Slatyer 1977 [Text only]

Barnacle : [larval dispersal, water flow, drift paradox] 1. effect of unidirectional currents on upstream extinctions. Shanks & Eckert 2005 [Text only]

Barnacle : [defense, predator] 1. introduction to predator/defense section. [Photo, Text only]

Barnacle : [cyprid larva, settlement] 1. introductory remarks about settlement cues for barnacles. [Drawing]

Barnacle : [substratum preference] 1. photographs of newly settled spat in crevices and grooves. [Photo]

Barnacle : [quiz] 1. quiz on advantages to larve of preferentially settling in cracks and depressions. [Text only]

Barnacle : [chemical, cyprid larva, settlement] 1. settlement inducer arthropodin is present in the exoskeleton and other parts of barnacles. Crisp 1965 [Graph]

Barnacle : [cyprid larva, substratum preference] 1. description of sensory parts of antennule of larva used in chemical perception of the substratum. Crisp et al. 1985 [Drawing]

Barnacle : [home] 1. introduction to barnacles in home file for barnacle part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Barnacle : [] 1. snail meets barnacle animation. [Animation]

Barnacle : [map] 1. snail's map with barnacle highlighted. [Drawing]

Barnacle : [classification] 1. classification of InfraClass Cirripedia, including barnacles. [Text only]

Barnacle spp.: [defense] 1. deals in part with avoidance of substratum where predator has frequented. Grosberg 1981 [Text only]

Basket star : [home] 1. introduction to basket stars and brittle stars in home file for basket part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Basket star : [] 1. snail meets basket star. [Animation]

Basket star : [map] 1. snail's map with basket star highlighted. []

Basket star : [classification] 1. classification of Class Ophiuroidea, including basket stars and brittle stars. [Text only]

Batillaria attramentaria: [burrowing, feeding] 1. mentions burrowing behaviour. Swinbanks & Murray 1981 [Photo]

Batillaria attramentaria: [community] 1. field studies on effects of an introduced snail on community dynamics. Wonham et al. 2005 [Photo]

Batillaria attramentaria: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle, Washington. Schroeder [Photo]

Blepharipida occidentalis: [burrowing, efficacy] 1. comparison with 2 other Californian mole-crab species. Dugan et al. 2000 [Graph]

Brittle star : [life cycle, reproduction, ophiopluteus] 1. life cycle including ophiopluteus larva. Baiser 1998 [Photo]

Brittle star : [feeding] 1. video of brittle stars feeding. [Video]

Callinectes sapidus: [hormone, moulting] 1. description of hormal control of moulting in crabs. Tamone et al. 2005 [Photo]

Calliostoma : [chemical, defense] 1. apparently no coating of defensive mucus on shell. Keen 1975 [Photo]

Calliostoma annulatum: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Ron Long, SFU. Long []

Calliostoma annulatum: [feeding, preferences] 1. food preferences are for hydroids. Perron 1975 [Photo]

Calliostoma canaliculatum: [defense, chemical] 1. mucus coating on shell provides chemical defense. Keen 1975 [Photo]

Calliostoma canaliculatum: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle. Schroeder [Photo]

Calliostoma canaliculatum: [chemical, defense] 1. releases viscid yellow secretion from hypobranchial gland in response to sea stars Pycnopodia and Pisaster. Bryan et al. 1997 [Graph]

Calliostoma canaliculatum: [feeding, preferences] 1. scrape diatoms, some scavenging . Keen 1975 [Photo]

Calliostoma canaliculatum: [photo courtesy] 1. photograph courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle. Schroeder [Photo]

Calliostoma ligatum: [behaviour, defense] 1. tumbling escape response to sea stars. 2. effect of narcotisation of snails on defensive behaviour. Harrold 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Calliostoma ligatum: [development] 1. research questioning the role of larval retractor muscles in torsion. Page 2002 [Photo]

Calliostoma ligatum: [reproduction] 1. study of spawning and embryonic development to metamorphosis and early juvenile. Holyoak 1968 [Photo, Drawing]

Calliostoma ligatum: [coiling, shell] 1. factors involved in initiation of shell coiling. Collin & Voltzow 1998 [Photo]

Calliostoma ligatum: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle, Washington. Schroeder [Photo]

Calliostoma ligatum: [mimicry] 1. possible mimicry between amphipod and snail. Carter & Behrens 1980 [Photo]

Calliostoma spp.: [photo courtesy] 1. several photographs of trochid snails (Calliostoma). Schroeder [Photo]

Calliostoma spp.: [locomotion] 1. examples of gastropods that use a direct-ditaxic type of locomotion. [Photo]

Calliostoma variegatum: [] 1. food preferences are for hydroids. Perron 1975 [Photo]

Calliostoma zizyphinum: [chemical, defense] 1. mucus coating on shell provides chemical defense. Jones 1984 []

Calliostoma  annulatum: [feeding, locomotion] 1. food-finding behaviour. [Video]

Calliostoma  canaliculatum: [chemical, defense] 1. secretions from snail show K-blocking activity. Kelley et al. 2003 [Photo]

Calliostoma  ligatum: [breaking strength] 1. comparison of physical properties of shell when live and when being used by hermit crabs Pagurus spp.. LaBarbera & Merz 1992 [Graph]

Cancer antennarius: [predation] 1. effect of scent on escape behaviour in trochid snails. Geller 1982 [Photo]

Cancer antennarius: [exoskeleton permeability] 1. comparison among 6 species west-coast crabs. Gross 1955 [Graph]

Cancer antennarius: [development, larva, prezoea larva] 1. presence of a prezoeal larva confirmed. Roesijadi 1976 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer antennarius: [reproduction, season, ovigerous] 1. compares with Cancer anthonyi in California. Reilly 1987 [Graph]

Cancer anthonyi: [predator] 1. in Mugu Lagoon, California eats clams Protothaca staminea. Peterson 1982 [Photo]

Cancer anthonyi: [development, larva] 1. description of larval development. Anderson 1978 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer anthonyi: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Gardner, Southern California. Gardner [Photo]

Cancer anthonyi: [reproduction, season] 1. compares with Cancer antennarius in California. Reilly 1987 [Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [camouflage, epibiont] 1. description of growths on exoskeleton. McGaw 2006 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [defense, predator] 1. selects prey hermit crabs Pagurus granosimanus on basis of shell-size occupied. Vance 1972 [Photo]

Cancer gracilis: [growth, mating, moulting] 1. "mating systems" compared among 4 cancroid species. Orensanz & Gallucci 1988 [Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [behaviour, osmoconformer] 1. exhibits bradycardia in low salinities. 2. behavioral regulation of body fluids. Curtis et al. 2007 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Iain McGaw, Memorial University, Newfoundland. McGaw [Photo]

Cancer gracilis: [oxygen consumption, salinity, stress] 1. effect of feeding, salinity stress on oxygen uptake and ventilation rate. McGaw 2006 [Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [digestion, salinity] 1. in lower salinities clearance time of the gut takes longer. McGaw 2006 [Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [digestion, activity] 1. activity takes priority over digestion. McGaw 2007 [Drawing]

Cancer gracilis: [exoskeleton permeability] 1. comparison among 6 species of west-coast crabs. Gross 1955 [Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [larva, reproduction] 1. description of larval stages. Ally 1975 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer gracilis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Cancer gracilis: [copulation, reproduction, spermatophore] 1. excellent detail of copulatory behaviour and spermatophore morphology and function. Orensanz et al. 1995 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer gracilis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Cancer magister: [predator, preferences] 1. test of predator preference (2 crab species) for 3 species of bivalves. Dudas et al. 2005 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [camouflage, epibiont] 1. description of growths on exoskeleton. McGaw 2006 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [competition, intraspecific] 1. aggressive interactions between early instars. Jacoby 1983 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [aggression, competition] 1. out-competed by introduced green crabs Carcinus maenas. Grosholz & Ruiz 1995 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [aggression, competition, interference] 1. out-competed by green crabs Carcinus maenas for habitat space in both field and lab experiments. McDonald et al. 2001 []

Cancer magister: [competition, efficacy, feeding, mechanical advantage] 1. compare efficiency of claw usage with that of green crabs Carcinus maenas. Behrens Yamada et al. 2010 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [efficacy, larva, technique] 1. compares efficacy of light traps vs. plankton tows to assess larval abundance. 2. species mainly from 4 families. Porter et al. 2008 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [defense, survival, burial] 1. tests of survival at different experimental burial depths. Chang & Levings 1978 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [burial, quiz] 1. quiz on burial behaviour. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [burial, defense, energetics] 1. burial for defense and energy savings. 2. description of gill irrigation. McGaw 2004 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [predation, stimulus] 1. experiments on effect of effluent water and video imagery on hiding away response of hermit crabs Pagurus granosimanus. Rosen et al. 2009 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [behaviour, diel] 1. frequent intertidal areas more at night than in the day. Stevens et al. 1984 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [dispersal, locomotion, mark-recapture] 1. 3yr study in California shows remarkable site fidelity. Diamond & Hawkin 1985 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [dispersal, locomotion, mark-recapture] 1. relatively little movement from point of tagging. Smith & Jamieson 1990 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [feeding] 1. description of feeding in crabs. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [feeding] 1. description of feeding in crabs. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [morphology] 1. mechanics of claw operation. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [morphology, claw] 1. assessment of claw damage in field animals. 2. handling times of prey when claws are damaged. Juanes & Hartwick 1990 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [claw, function, quiz] 1. quiz on sex/reproductive effects of damaged claws on the owner. [Text only]

Cancer magister: [claw, function, lever, mechanical advantage] 1. general description of claw function. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [gas exchange] 1. general description for a brachyuran crab. [Photo]

Cancer magister: [gas exchange] 1. crabs move out of hypoxic conditions. Bernatis et al. 2007 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [genetics, haplotypes] 1. genetically homogenous in British Columbia, save for one population inhabiting area of poor water circulation. Beacham et al. 2008 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer magister: [behaviour, larva, reproduction] 1. observations on zoeal hatching and larval behaviour. Lough 1976 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, settlement, water flow] 1. experiments in flume apparatus. Fernandez et al. 1994 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [feeding, hummock, larva, survival] 1. estimates of optimal diets for zoea larvae. 2. comparison with Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Sulkin et al. 1998 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [larva, nutritional content, survival] 1. nutritional quality of prey depends upon what the prey have been eating. 2. comparison with 3 other species of cancroid crabs: Cancer oregonensis, C. gracilis, and C. productus. Sulkin & McKeen 1999 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [larva, reproduction, season] 1. seasonal timing of appearance of zoea larvae of representatives of 5 families of brachyurans. Fisher 2006 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [locomotion, apodeme] 1. description of tension receptors in the apodemes. MacMillan & Dando 1972 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [carnivore, food] 1. feeds on a variety of small invertebrates. MacKay 1942 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [diet, food] 1. analyses of gut contents in Humboldt Bay, California. Gotshall 1977 [Table of Data]

Cancer magister: [diet] 1. eats various shellfish in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Pearson et al. 1979 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [chemical, perception] 1. prey detected by antennules through chemotactile stimulation. Pearson et al. 1979 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [diet] 1. calculate indices of relative importance for crabs in Gray's Harbor, Washington. 2. no actual estimation of preference. Stevens et al. 1982 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [diet, preferences] 1. juveniles in Coos Bay, Oregon readily eat small bivalves such as Transennella tantilla. Asson-Batres 1986 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [cannibalism] 1. contrived shell habitat protects "young-of-the-year" from predation by adults. Fernandez 1999 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [dispersal, nutrition] 1. hungry crabs move more than fed crabs in British Columbia. Bernatis et al. 2007 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [growth, moulting] 1. moult 12 times before reaching sexual maturity. MacKay 1942 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [age, growth, moulting] 1. legal size reached in 4yr after 14 moults in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Butler 1961 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [growth, habitat, ontogenetic shift] 1. habitat change with age. Stevens & Armstrong 1984 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [growth, mating, moulting] 1. "mating system" compared among 4 cancroid species. Orensanz & Gallucci 1988 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [growth, latitudinal, moulting] 1. growth & moulting Alaska to California. Wainwright & Armstrong 1993 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [breakage, claw, safety factor] 1. comparison with C. oregonensis. Taylor et al. 2000 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [omnivory] 1. juvenile instars are primarily herbivorous. 2. test various diets. Jensen & Aspien 1997 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [photo courtesy] 1. photo of 3rd-instar juvenile courtesy The Watershed Project, Richmond, Caliornia. The Watershed Project [Photo]

Cancer magister: [osmotic regulation] 1. some hyperosmotic regulation in dilute salinities. Hunter & Rudy 1975 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [osmotic regulation] 1. strong hypotonic regulation of magnesium ion. Engelhardt & Dehnel 1973 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [salinity, sensory] 1. sensitive and responsive to small changes in external salinity. Sugaman et al. 1983 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [development, osmotic regulation] 1. some ability for hyperosmotic regulation by all life stages. 2. magnesium ion regulated strongly. Brown & Terwilliger 1992 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [activity, diel, tides, biologging] 1. daily activities correspond with tidal and salinity cycles. Curtis & McGaw 2008 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [digestion, feeding, salinity] 1. feeding and food processing diminished in low salinities. Curtis et al. 2010 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [predation] 1. description of dietary items of west-coast late-Holocene peoples. Losey et al. 2004 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [ecological interaction] 1. mass mortality in Grayland, Washington. Stevens & Armstrong 1981 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [predation] 1. eaten by sculpins Leptocottus armatus in Grays Harbor, Washington. Armstrong et al. 1995 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [nutritional content, predation] 1. number 1 preferred prey of sea otters Enhydra lutris in Santa Cruz, California. Ostfeld 1982 [Photo, Table of Data]

Cancer magister: [fecundity, reproduction] 1. compares reproductive output in 10 west-coast species. 2. this is the most fecund. Hines 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [mating, reproduction] 1. scratch marks on claws after copulation . [Photo]

Cancer magister: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Antan Phillips, DFO, Nanaimo. Phillips [Photo]

Cancer magister: [acoustic transmitter, larva, reproduction] 1. description of larval stages. Mackay 1942 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [reproduction] 1. breeding in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia is in May-Sept. Butler 1960 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Antan Phillips, DFO, Nanaimo. Phillips [Photo]

Cancer magister: [copulation] 1. description of spermatophore transfer during copulation. Snow & Nielsen 1966 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [development, larva, reproduction, prezoea larva] 1. presence of a prozoeal larva confirmed. Roesijadi 1976 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer magister: [larva, morphology] 1. compares larvae from California and Alaska. Shirley et al. 1987 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [mark-recapture, moulting, reproduction, egg extrusion] 1. large mark-recapture study in northern California. Hankin et al. 1989 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [egg extrusion] 1. aspects of egg extrusion in crabs in Alaska. Swiney & Shirley 2001 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [egg extrusion, reproduction] 1. details of egg extrusion. Swiney et al. 2003 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [quiz] 1. quiz on gonadosomatic index changes. []

Cancer magister: [functional morphology] 1. details of functional morphology of reproductive system in females. Jensen et al. 1996 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [behaviour, migration, reproduction, telemetry] 1. seasonal reproductive migrations in Alaska. Stone & O'Clair 2001 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [behaviour, home] 1. monitoring of homesite fidelity in Fritz Cove, Alaska. Stone & O'Clair 2002 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [reproduction, spermatophore] 1. survey of insemination success of crabs in northern California. Oh & Hankin 2004 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [reproduction, spermatophore] 1. information on insemination success. Hankin et al. 1997 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [larval dispersal, latitudinal, recruitment] 1. recruitment in relation to coastal currents. Johnson et al. 1986 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, onshore transport] 1. correlation of nearshore abundance with degree of onshore transport. Hobbs et al. 1992 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, vertical migration, zoea] 1. information on diel behaviour of zoeae and megalopae. 2. metamorphosis to megalopae in early spring. Hobbs & Bosford 1992 1992 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [cues, settlement] 1. history of Grays Harbor estuary oyster-shell mitigation project. Dumbauldt et al. 1993 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [settlement] 1. recruitment in Grays Harbor, Washington may depend upon frequency of alongshore currents. McConnaughey et al. 1992 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [season, settlement] 1. settlement in Puget Sound May-August depending on region. Dinnel et al. 1993 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [cannibalism, settlement] 1. settlement success in Grays Harbor, Washington relates in part to degree of cannibalism from infaunal 2nd-3rd instar juveniles. Fernandez et al. 1993 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [settlement] 1. settlement success in oyster-shell habitats. Iribarne et al. 1994 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [settlement] 1. factors affecting settlement. Iribarne et al. 1995 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [settlement] 1. settlement success in oyster-shell habitat in Grays Harbor relates partly to protection from sculpin predation. Fernandez et al. 1993 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [settlement] 1. in Grays Harbor, Washington megalopae tend to moult to juvenile instar during nighttime. Fernandez et al. 1994 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [recruitment, settlement] 1. detailed field experiments in Grays Harbor, Washington show that settlement and recruitment are favoured in shell habitat over mud. Eggleston & Armstrong 1995 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [growth] 1. settlement times in Puget Sound and comparison of post-settlement grown of different larval cohorts. McMillan et al. 1995 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer magister: [settlement, survival] 1. predation by crabs Hemigrapsus spp. affects post-settlement survival. Banks & Dinnel 2000 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, settlement, tidal transport] 1. entry of megalopae into Coos Bay estuary is driven by wind and tide. Miller & Shanks 2004 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, tidal transport] 1. aspects of inshore transport of megalopae. Roegner et al. 2007 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [larval dispersal, vertical migration, zoea] 1. no apparent depth regulation to aid in inshore transport in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Park & Shirley 2008 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [hatching] 1. hatching times in southeastern Alaska. Park & Shirley 2008 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [tidal transport, depth regulation] 1. factors involved in megalopae entering over the shallow sill of Glacier Bay, Alaska. Herter & Eckert 2008 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [larval dispersal, megalopa, oceanic processes, upwelling] 1. relationship of cross-shelf transport of megalopae to upwelling and seasonal transitional events. Shanks & Roegner 2007 [Photo]

Cancer magister: [megalopa, settlement, cross-shelf transport] 1. means of seasonal onshore movement of megalopae in Oregon. Shanks 2006 [Text only]

Cancer magister: [oceanic processes] 1. seasonal northward transport of larvae in the Alaska Current. 2. possible northward directed gene flow. Park et al. 2007 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [larval dispersal, season] 1. irregular pulses of larvae from offshore to inshore waters in southeastern Alaska. Smith & Eckert 2011 [Drawing]

Cancer magister: [survival, temperature stress, zoea] 1. effect of temperature on survival and duration of zoeal stages. Sulkin & McKeen 1989 [Graph]

Cancer magister: [parasitism] 1. eggs are parasitised by a nemertean Carciinonemertes errans. Wickham 1979 [Table of Data, Text only]

Cancer oregonensis: [defense, hide away] 1. video of crab hiding in dead barnacle test. [Video]

Cancer oregonensis: [claw, efficacy, mechanical advantage] 1. comparison of shell-breaking efficacy in 4 species of crabs. 2. determination of mechanical advantages. Behrens Yamada & Boulding 1998 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer oregonensis: [claw, function, lever, mechanical advantage] 1. general description of claw function. [Photo]

Cancer oregonensis: [function, ultraviolet, chromatophore] 1. behaviour of chromatophores in different light conditions. Miner et al. 2000 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer oregonensis: [growth, mating, moulting] 1. "mating systems" compared among 4 cancroid species. Orensanz & Gallucci 1988 [Graph]

Cancer oregonensis: [claw, safety factor, breakage] 1. comparison with C. magister. Taylor et al. 2000 [Graph]

Cancer oregonensis: [carnivore, food] 1. eats worms, small shellfishes, and other invertebrates. Knudsen 1964 [Photo]

Cancer oregonensis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Ron Long, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby. Long [Photo]

Cancer oregonensis: [megalopa, reproduction] 1. compares larval morphology with Cancer productus and other species. DeBrosse et al. 1989 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer oregonensis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Ron Long, Simon Fraser University. Long [Photo]

Cancer oregonensis: [larva, megalopa] 1. light-trap collections of larvae and megalopae in Alaska. Daly & Konar 2008 [Graph]

Cancer oregonensis: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Ron Long, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia. Long [Photo]

Cancer productus: [predator, preferences] 1. test of predator preference (2 crab species) for 3 species of bivalves. Dudas et al. 2005 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer productus: [burrowing, defense] 1. test of burial depth of prey clam Protothaca staminea on attack success. Smith et al. 1999 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer productus: [burrowing, defense] 1. test of burial depth of prey clam Protothaca staminea on attack success. Smith et al. 1999 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer productus: [camouflage, epibiont] 1. most epibiont growths listed of all Cancer species studied. McGaw 2006 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer productus: [camouflage, colour] 1. examination of colour patterns of juveniles . Krause-Nehring et al. 2010 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [energetics] 1. burial for defense and energy savings. 2. description of gill irrigation. McGaw 2005 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [claw, efficacy, mechanical advantage] 1. comparison of shell-breaking efficacy in 4 species of crabs. 2. determination of mechanical advantages. Behrens Yamada & Boulding 1998 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer productus: [claw, function, lever, mechanical advantage] 1. general description of claw function. [Photo]

Cancer productus: [cardiovascular, physiological ecology] 1. survive longer in air when unfed than when fed. McGaw et al. 2009 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer productus: [claw, morphology] 1. factors in evolution leading to monomorphic vs. dimorphic claws. Smith & Palmer 1994 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Iain McGaw, University of Nevada, now at Memorial University, Newfoundland. McGaw [Photo]

Cancer productus: [autotomy, regeneration] 1. details of regeneration of claws and walking legs after autotomy. Brock & Smith 1998 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer productus: [carapace] 1. compares carapace streamlining in 3 brachyurans, including 2 west-coast species C. productus and Lopholithodes mandtii. Blake 1985 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [growth, mating, moulting] 1. "mating systems" compared among 4 cancroid species. Orensanz & Gallucci 1988 [Graph]

Cancer productus: [carnivore, food] 1. eats a variety of shellfishes and worms. Knudsen 1964 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [behaviour, locomotion, acoustic transmitter] 1. in 23d an individual moves 410m. Boulding & Hay 1984 [Drawing]

Cancer productus: [carnivore, shell-breaking] 1. describe how crab cracks shell of bivalve Protothaca staminea. Boulding & LaBarbera 1986 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [behaviour, diet, foraging] 1. describe foraging behaviour and diet for crabs in Bamfield, British Columbia. Robles et al. 1989 [Graph]

Cancer productus: [digestion, emersion] 1. digestive efficacy when stressed by air emersion. McGaw 2007 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer productus: [life cycle, reproduction, amplexus] 1. review of crab larvae and life cycles. Hines 1986 [Photo]

Cancer productus: [larva, reproduction] 1. description of larval stages. Trask 1970 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer productus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Iain McGaw, Memorial University, Newfoundland. McGaw [Photo]

Cancer productus: [development, larva, prezoea larva] 1. presence of a prezoeal larva confirmed. Roesijadi 1976 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer productus: [megalopa, reproduction] 1. compares larval morphology with that of Cancer oregonensis and other species. DeBrosse et al. 1989 [Photo, Drawing]

Cancer productus: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Iain McGaw, Memorial University, Newfoundland. McGaw [Photo]

Cancer productus: [predator] 1. in San Juan Islands, Washington prey on littorinid snails Littorina sitkana and L. scutulata. 2. other predatory crabs include Lophopanopeus bellus and, to a lesser extent Hemigrapsus spp.. Behrens Yamada & Boulding 1996 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Cancer productus: [predator] 1. presence and especially if feeding alters behaviour of down-stream prey littorines L. sitkana. 2. laboratory experiments. Behrens-Yamada et al. 1998 [Photo, Graph]

Cancer spp: [allometry, claw, strength] 1. allometric relationships in claw sizes and biting forces in 6 species of Cancer crabs. 2. example cited for Cancer productus. Taylor 2001 [Drawing, Graph]

Cancer spp.: [burial, defense, energetics] 1. aspects of burying behaviour. McGaw 2005 [Photo]

Cancer spp.: [claw, safety factor] 1. breakage strengths compared in 6 species. Palmer et al. 1999 [Drawing]

Cancer spp.: [claw, strength] 1. comparison of crushing strengths in claws of 6 species. 2. comparative muscle stress . Taylor 2000 [Graph]

Cancer spp.: [digestion] 1. reference to work on effect of hypoxia on gastric processing in Cancer species. McGaw 2008 [Graph]

Cancer spp.: [development, larva] 1. comparative data for 3 species of Cancer crabs. DeBrosse 1990 [Text only]

Cancer spp.: [fecundity, reproduction, scaling] 1. lifetime output of eggs scales isometrically with body size for 6 species . Hines 1991 [Graph]

Cancer spp.: [larval dispersal, oceanic processes] 1. comparison of megalopae distribution off Vancouver Island, British Columbia in several species of Cancer crabs. Jamieson & Phillips 1988 [Drawing]

Cancer spp.: [megalopa, settlement, upwelling] 1. adventitious settlement by megalopae of Cancer magister, C. productus, and C. antennarius during upwelling relaxation events. Wing et al. 1995 []

Cancer spp.: [predator, shell-breaking] 1. description of killing methods used on limpets by crabs Cancer productus and C. oregonensis. Lowell 1968 [Photo, Table of Data]

Cancer  magister: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Dave Cowles, Walla Walla University, Washington. Cowles [Photo]

Cancer  magister: [optimal foraging] 1. in areas of British Columbia prefer smaller clams Protothaca staminea over larger ones. Juanes & Hartwick 1990 [Text only]

Cancer  magister: [optimal foraging] 1. in areas of British Columbia prefer smaller clams Protothaca staminea over larger ones. Juanes & Hartwick 1990 [Text only]

Cancer  magister: [larval dispersal, megalopa, vertical migration] 1. plankton tows show megalopae swim to surface at night. Jacoby 1982 [Text only]

Cancer  productus: [predator, preferences] 1. tests of preference for 3 species of bivalves. Boulding 1984 [Photo, Graph]

Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis: [disease] 1. temperature effects on degree of expression in red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Moore et al. 2005 [Text only]

Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis: [disease] 1. treatment of disease with antibiotics. 2. aquacultural relevance. Friedman et al. 2002 [Text only]

Capitella capitata: [detritivory, food] 1. growth and survival are poorer on suspended detritus than on phytopankton. Qian & Chia 1990 [Graph]

Capitella sp.: [juvenile, predation] 1. observe predation effects on marked juvenile worms. Qian & Chia 1994 [Graph]

Capitella sp.: [growth, settlement, starvation] 1. effect of food limitation on growth and settlement of larvae. Qian & Chia 1993 [Graph]

Capitella spp.: [predation] 1. preferred foods of flatfishes in Puget Sound, Washington. Becker & Chew 1987 [Photo]

Caprella californica: [] 1. observations on feeding. Saunders 1966 [Text only]

Caprella californica: [feeding] 1. feedin observations. Keith 1969 [Text only]

Caprella californica: [habitat, preferences] 1. habitat preferences. Keith 1971 [Photo]

Caprella californica: [feeding, habitat, preferences] 1. habitat and feeding preferences. Caine 1977 [Text only]

Caprella equilibra: [feeding] 1. feeding observations. Keith 1969 [Text only]

Caprella equilibra: [habitat, preferences] 1. lack of apparent habitat preference. Keith 1971 [Photo]

Caprella kennerlyi: [feeding] 1. observations on feeding. Saunders 1966 [Photo]

Caprella kennerlyi: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Gary McDonald, UC Santa Cruz, California. McDonald [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [feeding] 1. observations on feeding. Saunders 1966 [Text only]

Caprella laeviuscula: [feeding, habitat, preferences] 1. habitat and feeding preferences. Caine 1977 [Text only]

Caprella laeviuscula: [competition, habitat] 1. habitat competitiveness on eelgrass blades. Caine 1980 [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Pearson College, Victoria, British Columbia. Pearson College [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [reproduction, mating] 1. description of mating . Caine 1979 [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Pearson College, Vancouver Island. Pearson College [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [predation] 1. report of numerous species of fishes preying on these amphipods in San Juan Islands, Washington. Caine 1979 [Photo]

Caprella laeviuscula: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Pearson College, British Columbia. Pearson College []

Caprella sp.: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lee, Fullerton, California. Lee [Photo]

Caprella sp.: [] 1. video of some caprellids on a tunicate Styela montereyensis. [Video]

Caprella sp.: [] 1. crawling on an eel-grass blade; possible example of aposematic coloration. [Photo]

Caprella sp.: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lee, Fullerton, California. Lee [Photo]

Caprella sp.2: [] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lee, Fullerton, California. Lee [Photo]

Caprella spp.: [filter-feeding] 1. description of filter-feeding and scraping for food. Caine 1977 [Photo]

Caprella spp.: [habitat, preferences] 1. caprellids in general found on rhizomes of eelgrass. Carr et al. 2011 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes epialti: [parasitism] 1. parasitises several species of brachyuran crabs. 2. description of life cycle of parasite. Roe 1979 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes epialti: [life history ] 1. life history considerations of parasites on crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis . Shields & Kuris 1988 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes epialti: [development, larva, reproduction] 1. describes development to pilidium larval stage. Roe 1979 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes epialti: [development, larva, morphology] 1. describes morphology of larva. Stricker & Reed 1981 [Photo, Drawing]

Carcinonemertes epialti: [larval dispersal] 1. larva disseminate to host crabs by swimming . Bauman 1984 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes errans: [parasitism] 1. parasitises eggs of Dungeness crabs Cancer magister. Wickham 1979 [Table of Data, Text only]

Carcinonemertes errans: [parasitism] 1. parasitises eggs of Dungeness crabs Cancer magister. Wickham 1979 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinonemertes errans: [parasitism] 1. parasitises eggs of Dungeness crabs Cancer magister. Wickham 1980 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinonemertes errans: [parasitism] 1. parasitises eggs of Dungeness crabs Cancer magister. Wickham 1986 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinonemertes errans: [parasitism] 1. description of parasite transfer during moult of host. Wickham 1980 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes errans: [energetics, nutrition, parasitism] 1. parasite able to subsist on amines in solution. Roe et al. 1981 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Kuris 1978 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Roe 1979 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Wickham 1980 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Wickham et al. 1984 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Wickham 1986 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Shields & Kuris 1988 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Shields et al. 1990 []

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Shields & Kuris 1990 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Kuris et al. 1991 [Table of Data]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [parasitism] 1. list of nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Torchin et al. 1996 []

Carcinonemertes spp.: [nutrition, parasitism] 1. parasites may be able to subsist on primary amines diffusing through arthrodial membranes that join exoskeleton parts. Crowe et al. 1982 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [nutrition, parasitism] 1. parasites may subsist on primary amines diffusing through arthrodial membranes. Crowe et al. 1983 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [nutrition, parasitism] 1. alternate nutritional sources for nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Roe et al. 1981 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [nutrition, parasitism] 1. alternate source of nutrition for nemertean parasites of crab eggs. Wickham & Kuris 1985 [Photo]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [review] 1. early review of nemertean parasites of crabs. Coe 1902 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [defense, parasitism, review] 1. review of possible defenses by crabs against nemertean parasites of their eggs. Kuris & Wickham 1987 [Text only]

Carcinonemertes spp.: [development, egg] 1. some eggs develop parthenogenetically. Roe 1986 [Text only]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Marine Invasive Species Monitoring Organization, Maine. Citizen Scientist Initiative [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [competition, interspecific, non-indigenous] 1. potential competition with indigenous species. 2. introduced into San Francisco Bay, California in 1989-90. Cohen et al. 1995 [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [aggression, competition, feeding] 1. records of prey eaten in Bodega Harbor, California. 2. out-competes local crabs Cancer magister and Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Grosholz & Ruiz 1995 [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy R.F. Uglow, University of Hull, England. Uglow []

Carcinus  maenas: [ecology] 1. ecological impact of green crabs Carcinus maenas introduced to several areas of the world. Grosholz & Ruiz 1996 [Table of Data]

Carcinus  maenas: [ecology, impact] 1. ecological impact of introduction of green crabs Carcinus maenas in Bodega Bay Harbor, California. Grosholz et al. 2000 [Drawing, Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [ecology, impact] 1. description of ecological impact of arrival of green crabs at various west-coast locations. Grosholz et al. 2001 [Text only]

Carcinus  maenas: [ecology, impact] 1. review of potential impact of green crabs on west-coast fauna. Jamieson et al. 1998 [Text only]

Carcinus  maenas: [competition, exploitative] 1. juveniles out-competed by shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis juveniles in exploitative-type competitions for food. Jensen et al. 2002 []

Carcinus  maenas: [aggression, competition, interference] 1. out-competes Dungeness crabs Cancer magister for habitat space in both field and lab experiments. McDonald et al. 2001 [Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [feeding, preferences] 1. favours Pacific oyster Ostrea lurida in preference test of several bivalves in Oregon. Palacios & Ferraro 2003 [Text only]

Carcinus  maenas: [growth] 1. compare growth rates in different west-coast locations and in Europe. Behrens Yamada et al. 2005 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [growth] 1. discussion of future prospects for spread and survival on the west coast. Behrens-Yamada & Gillespie 2008 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. . Museum Victoria Australia [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. . Museum Victoria Australia [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [energy budget] 1. comparative energy budgeting in different locations. 2. optimality models. McDonald et al. 2006 [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [competition, efficacy, feeding, morphology, mechanical advantage] 1. comparative efficiency of claws in green crabs versus Dungeness crabs Cancer magister. Behrens Yamada et al. 2010 [Drawing, Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [growth, habitat] 1. uses carapace colour to estimate growth potential in different habitats. McGaw et al. 2011 [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. photos courtesy Iain McGaw, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University, Newfoundland. McGaw [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [competition, density] 1. long-term study shows negative effects of green crabs on local shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis. De Riviera et al. 2011 [Photo, Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [dispersal, larva] 1. modeling approach to study larvae dispersion in Willapa Bay, Washington . Banas et al. 2009 [Drawing]

Carcinus  maenas: [dispersal, el Niño, oceanic processes, recruitment] 1. correlations with several oceanic events. Behrens Yamada & Kosro 2010 [Drawing]

Carcinus  maenas: [photo courtesy] 1. photo of megalopa stage. Zooplankton-Online [Photo]

Carcinus  maenas: [genetics] 1. population from California to British Columbia is genetically homogenous. 2. predict expansion into Aleutian Islands. De Rivera et al. 2011 [Drawing]

Carcinus  maenas: [growth] 1. compare growth rates in several regions. Behrens Yamada et al. 2005 [Graph]

Carcinus  maenas: [thermal maxima, acclimation experiments] 1. comparison of California and British Columbia populations. Kelley et al. 2011 [Drawing]

Carcinus  maenas: [parasitism] 1. compares rates of parasitism by nemerteans Carcinonemertes epialti with that on local crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Torchin et al. 1996 [Photo]

Cardisoma guanhumi: [gas exchange] 1. description of "ballooning" of carapace surrounding branchial chambers. [Photo]

Careproctus melanurus: [parasitism] 1. found living in the branchial chamber of lithode crab Lopholithodes foraminatus. Parrish 1972 [Photo]

Caribeopsyllus amphiodiae: [parasitism] 1. this copepod inhabits the gut of brittle stars Amphiodia urtica. Ho et al. 2003 [Photo, Drawing]

Cerebratulus  lacteus: [defense, toxin] 1. describes presence of neurotoxin. Kem 1976 [Text only]

Cerebratulus  montereyi: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Pamela Roe, California State University Stanislaus. Roe [Photo]

Cerebratulus  montgomeryi: [aposemetism] 1. possible warning coloration in nemerteans; research needed. [Photo]

Cerebratulus  spp.: [defense, regeneration, fragmentation] 1. possible defensive strategy of fragmentation followed by regeneration. [Photo]

Cerebratulus  spp.: [defense, toxin] 1. describes neurotoxins. Blumenthal & Kem 1976 []

Cerebratulus  spp.: [larva, metamorphosis] 1. among largest pilidium larva known. 2. juveniles develop within larva. Lacalli 2005 [Photo, Drawing]

Cerebratulus  montgomeri: [predation] 1. review of various vertebrate and invertebrate predators of nemerteans. McDermott 2001 [Photo]

Cerithidea californica: [predation] 1. in Bolinas Lagoon, California eaten by crabs Pachygrapsus crassipes. Sousa 1993 [Photo]

Cerithidea californica: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lafferty, University of California, Davis. Lafferty [Photo]

Cerithidea californica: [environment, food, predator] 1. effects of food and predators on population vitality. Armitage & Fong 2006 [Photo]

Chama arcana: [] 1. competitive interactions with snails Chlorostoma spp. in Santa Catalina Island, Calfiornia. Schmitt 1987 [Photo, Graph]

Chama arcana: [camouflage, defense, prey] 1. coating of sessile organisms protects from predation by sea stars Pisaster giganteus. Vance 1978 [Photo]

Chama arcana: [predator] 1. defense from sea-star predators by close association with Corynactis californica. Patton et al. 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Chione undatella: [competition, interspecific, intraspecific] 1. competition with another bivalve Protothaca staminea. Peterson 1982 [Photo, Graph]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [camouflage, epibiont] 1. up to 39 different taxa recorded on crabs in Kodiak Island, Alaska. Dick et al. 1998 [Photo]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [epibiont, parasitism] 1. bears sea anemones on its carapace. [Video]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [autotomy] 1. compares autotomy events in the Bering Sea with those in king crabs Paralithodes camtschaticus. Edwards 1972 [Photo, Drawing, Graph]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [reproduction] 1. aspects of reproduction in Alaska. Paul 1984 [Photo]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [mating, reproduction] 1. mating success in Alaska. Paul & Adams 1984 [Graph]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [mating, reproduction, spermatophore] 1. male mating success. Adams & Paul 1983 [Text only]

Chionoecetes bairdi: [mating, reproduction] 1. details of mating behaviour, egg incubation, and so on. Swiney 2008 [Graph]

Chionoecetes opilio: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Bill Eichenlaub, National Park Service & Tamone et al. Glacier Bay Sci Symposium. Eichenlaub [Photo]

Chiton : [home] 1. introduction to chiton in home file for chiton part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Chiton : [] 1. snail meets chiton animation. [Animation]

Chiton : [map] 1. snail's map with chiton highlighted. [Drawing]

Chiton : [classification] 1. classification of Class Polyplacophora, including chitons. [Text only]

Chiton : [feeding, radula] 1. description of radular feeding mechanism. [Drawing]

Chiton : [radula, composition] 1. elemental composition of radula is magnetite. [Photo]

Chiton : [orientation, radula] 1. early studies on chiton orientation. Tomlinson 1959 [Text only]

Chiton : [distribution, genetics] 1. study of genetic connectivity in 28 species of chitons from 130 sites from Alaska to Gulf of California. Kelly & Eernisse 2007 [Text only]

Chiton : [predation] 1. eaten by sea stars Pisaster ochraceus. Feder 1959 [Photo]

Chiton : [predation] 1. eaten by sea stars Pisaster ochraceus. Paine 1966 [Photo]

Chiton : [predation] 1. eaten by sea stars Pisaster ochraceus. Mauzey et al. 1968 [Photo]

Chiton : [life cycle, reproduction] 1. introductory description of reproduction. [Text only]

Chiton : [homing, quiz, mechanism] 1. quiz on possible mechanisms used in homing. []

Chiton : [] 1. animated "fly-by" showing gamete release. Young 1996 [Animation]

Chiton tuberculatus: [homing, orientation] 1. early description of homing in chitons. Crozier 1921 [Photo]

Chlamys hastata: [energetics, suspension feeding] 1. calculate energy cost of pumping. Bernard & Noakes 1990 [Text only]

Chlorostoma : [habitat] 1. habitat preferences of Chlorostoma and Promartynia snails. Lowry et al. 1974 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma : [habitat] 1. habitat preferences of Chlorostoma and Promartynia snails. Riedman et al. 1981 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma : [behaviour, defense] 1. escape behaviour to sea stars. 2. defensive responses of Chlorostoma and Promartynia snails. Feder 1963 [Photo]

Chlorostoma : [defense, behaviour] 1. defensive responses snails. Watanabe 1983 [Photo]

Chlorostoma : [defense, behaviour] 1. defensive responses snails. Watanabe 1984 [Photo]

Chlorostoma : [feeding] 1. radular tracks on inside of aquarium. [Photo]

Chlorostoma aureotincta: [competition] 1. competitive interactions with Chlorostoma eiseni on Santa Catalina Island, California. 2. intraspecific and interspecific interactions. Schmitt 1985 [Graph]

Chlorostoma aureotincta: [competition, food] 1. food competition with Chlorostoma eiseni. 2. Santa Catalina Island, California. Schmitt 1996 [Text only]

Chlorostoma brunnea: [chemical, defense] 1. algal coatings on snails provide defense from sea-star predators. Thomber 2007 [Graph]

Chlorostoma brunnea: [competition] 1. competition between 3 species of trochid snails. Watanabe 1984 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma brunnea: [photo courtesy] 1. 2 photos of trochid snails courtesy Gary McDonald, Long Marine Laboratory, Santa Cruz, California. McDonald [Photo]

Chlorostoma eiseni: [competition] 1. competitive interactions with Chlorostoma aureotincta. Schmitt 1985 [Graph]

Chlorostoma eiseni: [competition, food] 1. food competition with Chlorostoma aureotincta. 2. Santa Catalina Island, California. Schmitt 1996 [Text only]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [defense] 1. escape behaviour to sea stars. Yarnall 1964 [Table of Data]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [defense, habitat] 1. age-related habitat preference. 2. escape behaviour from predatory sea star. Feder 1963 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [defense, behaviour] 1. escape behaviour of trochid snail to crab. Geller 1982 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [defense, behaviour] 1. predation on trochid snails. Fawcett 1984 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [feeding] 1. preferred foods are large fleshy kelps. 2. more than 20 species of algae are eaten. Best 1964 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [feeding, preferences] 1. seaweed content of phenolics determines feeding preference. Steinberg 1985 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [feeding, preferences] 1. phenolics important determinant of feeding preferences. Steinberg 1985 []

Chlorostoma funebralis: [locomotion] 1. comparison of normal and escape speeds of locomotion with those in abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana. Miller 1974 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [] 1. relationship of foot area and tenacity. Miller 1974 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [] 1. foot tenacity in black turban snail. Gabaldon 1982 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [] 1. description of radula mechanics in feeding. MacDonald & Maine 1964 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [feeding] 1. radula mechanics. Morris & Hickman 1981 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [feeding] 1. description of radular tracks. Hickman & Morris 1985 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [migration] 1. settle in high intertidal area, then migrate lower with increasing size and age. Paine 1969 [Drawing, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [survival] 1. survives attack by sea stars Pisaster ochraceus by withdrawing into shell. Markowitz 1980 [Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [desiccation] 1. daily vertical movements possibly related to temperature stress. Wara & Wright 1964 [Text only]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [desiccation] 1. use of mantle water in osmoregulation. Marchetti & Geller 1987 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [genetics, habitat] 1. relationship of genotype with preferred habitats. Byers 1982 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [genetics, habitat] 1. experiments on relationship between genotype and preferred habitats. Byers & Mitton 1981 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [size gradient] 1. shore-level size gradient. 2. sizes greater lower in the intertidal zone. Doering & Phillips 1983 [Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [size gradient] 1. shore-level size gradient. 2. larger individuals lower in intertidal zone. Wara & Wright 1964 [Text only]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [sensory] 1. description of bursicles on the gills, possibly used in chemosensory-mediated defense. Szal 1971 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [development, reproduction] 1. embryonic development through to metamorphosis and early juvenile. Moran 1997 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [reproduction, sex determination] 1. sex determined by colour of foot. Frank 1969 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [growth, reproduction] 1. embryonic development through to metamorphosis and early juvenile. 2. growth rate of juvenile over 60 days. Guzman del Proo et al. 2006 [Drawing, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [growth] 1. age and growth of black turban shells in different parts of the west coast. Darby 1964 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [growth, age] 1. age and growth of black turban shells in different regions of the west coast. Frank 1965 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [age, growth] 1. age and growth of black turban shells in different regions of the west coast. Frank 1975 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [age, growth] 1. age and growth of black turban shells in different regions of the west coast. Paine 1969 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [growth, shell] 1. shell growth and damage repair. Geller 1982 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [shell, repair] 1. frequency of shell repair as a measure of fitness. Geller 1983 [Text only]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [repair, shell] 1. electron-microscopic views of shell repair. Reed-Miller 1983 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [repair, shell] 1. electron-microscopic views and description of shell repair. Reed-Miller 1983 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [repair, shell] 1. electron-microscopic views and description of shell repair. Reed-Miller 1981 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [water flow] 1. description of water flow and its functions. MacDonald & Maine 1964 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [aggregation, desiccation] 1. does clustering with chitons Mopalia muscosa mutually reduce desiccation?. Fitzgerald 1975 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [defense, intertidal level, migration] 1. migrate down the shore with age. Paine 1969 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [heat-shock proteins] 1. introduction to heat-shock proteins in Chlorostoma. [Text only]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [latitudinal] 1. size differences found latitudinally and with local habitat conditions. Cooper & Shanks 2011 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [host] 1. often host limpets Lottia asmi, but whether larvae preferentially settle on the Chlorostoma shells is not known. Test 1945 [Photo]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [host] 1. are host to sometimes several slipper limpets Crepidula adunca. Putnam 1964 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma funebralis: [competition, food, space] 1. juveniles compete with Littorina scutulata for food and space at Pacific Grove, California. Jensen 1981 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma montereyi: [competition] 1. competition between 3 species of trochid snails. Watanabe 1984 [Photo, Drawing]

Chlorostoma spp.: [growth] 1. trochid snails in kelp forests in California do best on a mixed seaweed diet. Watanabe 1984 [Photo]

Chlorostoma spp.: [photo courtesy] 1. photos courtesy Gary McDonald, Long Marine Laboratory, Santa Cruz. McDonald [Photo]

Chlorostoma spp.: [feeding, preferences] 1. phenolic content of seaweeds important determinant of feeding preferences. Steinberg 1988 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins] 1. explanation of function of heat-shock proteins . [Text only]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins] 1. heat-tolerances of 3 Chlorostoma species: funebralis, brunnea, and monteryi. 2. induction temperatures for 3 Chlorostoma species: funebralis, brunnea, and monteryi. Tomanek & Somero 1999 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins, review] 1. review of thermal stress and heat-shock proteins in Chlorostoma spp. and other invertebrates. Tomanek & Helmuth 2002 []

Chlorostoma spp.: [] 1. time-course and magnitude of heat-shock responses in trochid snails Chlorostoma funebralis and C. brunnea. Tomanek & Somero 2000 [Photo, Graph]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins] 1. heat-shock proteins in marine invertebrates. Tomanek 2002 [Graph, Text only]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins] 1. heat-shock proteins in marine invertebrates. Tomanek & Somero 2002 [Graph, Text only]

Chlorostoma spp.: [heat-shock proteins] 1. heat-shock proteins in relation to intertidal level and changing environmental conditions in trochid snails. Tomanek & Sanford 2003 []

Chlorostoma spp.: [locomotion] 1. use of retrograde-ditaxic type of locomotion. Miller 1974 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma spp.: [parasitism] 1. limpets Lottia asmi and slipper limpets Crepidula adunca inhabiting the shells of trochid snails are parasites that the snails cannot defend against. Evans 1992 [Photo]

Chlorostoma spp.: [Q10] 1. temperature effects on activity in several species. 2. comparison north and south of Point Conception, California. Yee & Murray 2004 [Drawing]

Chlorostoma spp.: [temperature stress] 1. thermal limits of heart function in 3 species. Stenseng et al. 2005 [Graph]

Chromopleustes oculatus: [aposemetism] 1. photograph of several specimens on a sea pen. [Photo]

Chromopleustes oculatus: [commensalism] 1. photograph in close view of a specimen crawling on a sea anemone. [Photo]

Chromopleustes sp.: [aposemetism] 1. photo of many specimens crawling on a bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. [Photo]

Chrysaora colorata: [] 1. video of an individual swimming in an aquarium tank. [Video]

Chrysaora fuscescens: [competition, diet] 1. diet in Oregon mainly euphausid eggs and larvae. 2. some overlap with various fishes and Aurelia labiata. Brodeur et al. 2008 [Graph]

Chrysaora fuscescens: [diet] 1. adults in Oregon opportunistically prey on a variety of planktonic animals. Suchman et al. 2008 [Photo]

Chrysaora fuscescens: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lee, Fullerton, California. Lee [Photo]

Chrysaora fuscescens: [development, reproduction] 1. study at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California of development to young adult stage. Widmer 2008 [Photo]

Chrysaora spp.: [] 1. video of individuals swimming in an aquarium tank. [Video]

Chrysaora  fuscescens: [] 1. video of it swimming in an aquarium tank. [Video]

Chthamalus dalli: [cyprid larva, nauplius larva] 1. how to distinguish west-coast chthamalids. Miller et al. 1989 [Photo, Drawing]

Chthamalus dalli: [distribution] 1. overlapping distribution with C. fissus. Wares & Castaneda 2005 [Photo]

Chthamalus dalli: [cirrus, scaling] 1. comparison with 3 other species. Marchinko & Palmer 2003 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [heat-shock proteins, growth, upwelling, wave exposure] 1. comparison of wave exposure and upwelling on growth in 2 species of barnacles. Sanford & Menge 2001 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [density, reproduction] 1. effect of crowding on reproductive output. Wethey 1984 [Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [habitat, recruitment] 1. aspects of habitat in relation to recruitment. Schubart et al. 1995 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with Balanus glandula and Semibalanus cariosus. Dayton 1971 [Photo]

Chthamalus dalli: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with Balanus glandula. Paine 1981 [Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [competition, interspecific] 1. competition with barnacles Balanus glandula and various seaweeds. Farrell 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [character displacement, cirrus, competitive exclusion] 1. analysis of 6 species of barnacles with respect to character displacement of ramus length of cirri. Marchinko et al. 2004 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [competition, predation] 1. survival favoured when limpets bulldoze away potential competing barnacle species Balanus glandula and Semibalanus cariosus. Dayton 1971 [Photo]

Chthamalus dalli: [predator, survival] 1. survival favoured if limpets Lottia digitalis are excluded from the habitat. Paine 1981 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [spat, survival] 1. spat survive limpet bulldozing better than spat of Balanus glandula. Menge et al. 2010 [Text only]

Chthamalus dalli: [latitudinal, recruitment] 1. effect of headlands in Oregon and California on recruitment. Connolly et al. 2001 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [substratum preference] 1. preferential settlement on other species of barnacles. [Photo]

Chthamalus dalli: [distribution, intertidal level, predation] 1. differential predation by whelks Nucella spp. sets lower limits of intertidal distribution. Connell 1970 [Photo, Drawing]

Chthamalus dalli: [reproduction, settlement] 1. in Monterey Bay settlement tends to be random. 2. comparison with acorn barnacle Balanus glandula and goose barnacle Pollicipes polymerus. Satchell & Farrell 1993 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus dalli: [competition, space] 1. bulldozing by limpets Lottia pelta minimised by living in depressions and on the limpets' shells. [Photo]

Chthamalus fissus: [cyprid larva, nauplius larva] 1. how to distinguish west-coast chthamalids. Miller et al. 1989 [Photo, Drawing]

Chthamalus fissus: [growth] 1. comparison of growth rates with 2 other species of barnacles. Hines 1979 [Graph]

Chthamalus fissus: [character displacement, cirrus, competitive exclusion] 1. analysis of 6 species of barnacles with respect to character displacement of ramus length of cirri. Marchinko et al. 2004 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus fissus: [acontia] 1. effect of Point Conception headland on genetic structure along the west coast. Wares et al. 2001 [Drawing]

Chthamalus fissus: [broods, reproduction] 1. comparative brood numbers seasonally including Balanus glandula and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1978 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus fissus: [broods, intertidal level, reproduction] 1. effect of intertidal level and other factors on brood production. 2. comparison with Balanus glandula and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1979 [Graph]

Chthamalus fissus: [cyprid larva, settlement] 1. comparison of settlement times and features with 2 other species Balanus glandula and Tetraclita squamosa. Hines 1979 [Photo]

Chthamalus fissus: [predator] 1. narrow aperture may provide protection against whelk predator Mexacanthina lugubris. Jarrett 2008 [Photo, Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [predation, competitive exclusion] 1. discussion of chthamaloid evolution. Newman & Stanley 1981 [Photo]

Chthamalus spp.: [evolution] 1. discussion of chthamaloid and balanoid evolution. Stanley & Newman 1980 []

Chthamalus spp.: [larva, settlement, upwelling] 1. oceanic conditions favouring settlement of larvae. Farrell et al. 1991 [Photo]

Chthamalus spp.: [larval dispersal, mortality] 1. larval distribution and mortality in inshore waters. Tapia & Pineda 2007 [Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [larval dispersal, tides, upwelling] 1. transport of larvae related to advection of subsurface waters and tidal cycles. Pineda 1991 [Text only]

Chthamalus spp.: [el Niño, latitudinal, recruitment] 1. recruitment along the California coast in an el Nino year. Connolly & Roughgarden 1999 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [oceanic processes, settlement, thermocline, water flow] 1. comparison of settlement in 2 areas differing in features of thermocline and water flow. Pineda & Lopez 2002 [Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [recruitment, temperature ] 1. recruitment breaks along the west coast in relation to sea-surface temperatures. Broitman et al. 2008 [Drawing, Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [ecology, recruitment, succession] 1. role of recruitment and succession in community ecology. Forde & Raimondi 2004 [Photo]

Chthamalus spp.: [fertilisation success, recruitment, reproduction] 1. self-fertilisation in chthamalids. Barnes & Barnes 1958 [Photo]

Chthamalus spp.: [reproduction, settlement] 1. settlement at La Jolla, California related to large internal tidal bores. 2. compares with goose barnacles Pollicipes polymerus. Pineda 1994 [Graph]

Chthamalus spp.: [larva, recruitment, temperature , upwelling] 1. investigate barnacle recruitment on Santa Cruz Island, California. Broitman et al. 2005 [Drawing]

Cirolana harfordi: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Gary McDonald, Santa Cruz, California. McDonald [Photo]

Cirolana harfordi: [predation] 1. eaten by several species of fishes in southern California. Mitchell 1953 [Text only]

Cirolana harfordi: [egg, fecundity, reproduction, season] 1. seasonality of egg release. Johnson 1976 [Graph]

Cirolana  harfordi: [carnivore, diet, digestion] 1. feed mainly on animal matter, both live and dead. Johnson 1976 [Photo]

Clam : [] 1. introduction to clam in home file for clam part of the Odyssey. [Text only]

Clam : [] 1. snail meets clam animation. [Animation]

Clam : [map] 1. snail's map with clam highlighted. [Drawing]

Clam : [classification] 1. classification of SubClass Heterodonta, including clams. [Text only]

Clam : [predation] 1. several species eaten by crabs. Boulding 1984 [Photo]

Clam : [quiz] 1. quiz on features of clams that make them more or less vulnerable to being attacked and eaten. [Text only]

Clam : [suspension feeding] 1. description of feeding in a clam. [Text only]

Clam : [burrowing] 1. description of burrowing in soft substrata. Ansell & Nair 1969 [Drawing]

Clam : [larva, predation] 1. introductory remarks about predators of clams during their llfe cycle. [Photo]

Clam : [life cycle, reproduction] 1. generalised life cycle information. Abraham & Dillon 1986 [Drawing]

Clam : [habitat, diversity] 1. brief introduction to bivalve diversity on the west coast. [Photo]

Clam : [habitat, diversity] 1. brief introduction to bivalve diversity on the west coast. [Photo]

Clam : [PSPs] 1. compare efficacy of 5 tests for PSPs on several types of bivalves in Kodiak, Alaska. Costa et al. 2009 []

Clinocardium nuttallii: [prey] 1. cockles are main prey of octopuses Enteroctopus dofleini. Hartwick et al. 1981 [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [prey] 1. eaten by sea stars Pisaster brevispinus. [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [defense, prey] 1. illustrates defense-escape mechanism of Clinocardium from an attacking sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides. [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [] 1. cockle escapes attack by juvenile sunflower star Pycnopodia helianthoides. [Video]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [predation, vulnerability] 1. comparison of 8 species of clams for vulnerability to predation. Boulding 1984 [Photo, Drawing]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [energetics, suspension feeding] 1. energy cost of pumping. Bernard & Noakes 1990 [Text only]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [growth, tides] 1. growth lines correspond with daily tides. Evans 1972 [Graph]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [growth, tides] 1. growth lines correspond with daily tides. Evans 1972 [Graph]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [acontia, growth, season] 1. yearly growth lines. Gallucci & Gallucci 1982 [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [nutrition, symbiont] 1. green algal symbionts may contribute to nutrition. Cooke 1975 [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [acontia, predation] 1. in northern Washington preyed upon by gulls Larus glaucescens. Kvitek 1991 [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [hermaphroditism, reproduction] 1. no evidence of self-fertilisation. Galucci & Galluci 1982 [Photo]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [reproduction] 1. compares with 3 other bivalve species in Oregon. Robinson & Breese 1982 [Text only]

Clinocardium nuttallii: [] 1. . [Photo]

Clinocottus globiceps: [predator] 1. predator of sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and Epiactis prolifera. Yoshiyama et al. 1996 [Photo]

Clinocottus globiceps: [predator] 1. comments on resistance to nematocysts of its sea-anemone prey. Yoshiyama et al. 1996 [Text only]

Clupea harengus pallasi: [predation] 1. preferred prey of hydromedusan Aequorea victoria . Purcell et al. 1987 [Photo]

Clupea harengus pallasi: [preferences, prey] 1. eaten preferentially by 8 species of pelagic soft-bodied predators, including several species of hydromedusans. Purcell 1990 [Drawing]

Clupea harengus pallasi: [predation, prey] 1. as larvae eaten by jellyfish Aurelia labiata. Arai & Hay 1982 [Drawing]

Clupea  harengus pallasi: [predation] 1. eaten by several species of hydromedusans. Arai & Hay 1982 [Graph]

Clymenella californica: [feeding] 1. comparson of feeding in 3 maldanid species in Tomales Bay, California including Axiothella rubrocincta and Praxillella pacifica. Kudenov 1977 [Drawing]

Clytia gregaria: [development, skeleton] 1. carbohydrates deposited during development play a skeletal supporting role. Bonner 1955 [Drawing]

Clytia gregaria: [predation, preferences] 1. a common prey item in Oregon is copopods Arcartia clausi and related species. 2. several hydromedusan species included in study. McCormick 1969 [Photo]

Clytia gregaria: [feeding] 1. relationship of feeding and growth with seasonal plankton blooms. Huntley & Hobson 1978 [Text only]

Clytia gregaria: [food, predation, preferences] 1. prefer to eat euphausid eggs in Saanich Inlet in springtime. Larson 1987 [Text only]

Clytia gregaria: [development, life cycle, reproduction] 1. . Roosen-Runge 1962 [Drawing]

Clytia gregaria: [density, physiological ecology, salinity] 1. experiments on perception of salinity discontinuities. Arai 1973 [Text only]

Clytia hemisphaerica: [development, life cycle, reproduction] 1. . Roosen-Runge 1970 [Photo]

Clytia lomae: [food, predator, preferences] 1. prefer to eat euphausid eggs in Saanich Inlet in springtime. Larson 1987 [Text only]

Clytia spp.: [digestion, feeding, ration] 1. comparative information for 3 Clytia species eating euphausid eggs. Larson 1987 [Graph]

Colidotea rostrata: [brooding, reproduction, symbiont] 1. breed all year long, but with spring/summer peaks. 2. live symbiotically with sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp.. Stebbins 1989 []

Colidotea rostrata: [brooding, reproduction, symbiont] 1. breed all year long, but with spring/summer peaks. 2. live symbiotically with sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp.. Stebbins 1989 []

Cordylophora caspia: [habitat, physiological ecology, preferences] 1. relationship of certain environmental factors such as temperature and salinity to population growth in San Francisco estuary. 2. introduced species from Black and Caspian Seas. Meek et al. 2012 [Text only]

Corella willmeriana: [predation] 1. in areas of the northwest are eaten by flatworms Eurylepta leoparda. Lambert 1968 [Photo]

Corella willmeriana: [predation] 1. in areas of the northwest are eaten by flatworms Eurylepta leoparda. Lambert 1968 [Photo]

Coronula diadema: [development, settlement, substratum preference] 1. preferentially settle on humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae. Nogata & Matsumura 2006 [Photo]

Corophium spp.: [feeding] 1. description of variable feeding modes in Corphium spp.. Miller 1984 [Drawing]

Corophium spp.: [photo courtesy] 1. drawing courtesy Meadows & Read 1966 J Zool 150L 387. Meadows & Read 1966 [Drawing]

Corvus caurinus: [diet, preferences] 1. in paired preference tests the crows invariably choose the heavier of the 2 prey items. O'Brien et al. 2005 [Photo]

Corvus corax: [predator] 1. prey on sand crabs Emerita analoga in Oregon. 2. prefer gravid crabs. Hendricks & Hendricks 2011 [Photo]

Corvus corax: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy My Audio School website. My Audio School [Photo]

Corymorpha palma: [development, reproduction] 1. aspects of life cycle in California. Torrey 1907 [Photo, Drawing]

Corymorpha sp: [camouflage, mimicry] 1. description of an amphipod species that closely resembles the colour and pattern of its host hydroid . [Photo]

Corymorpha  palma: [aesthete, photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Kevin Lee, Fullerton, California. Lee [Photo]

Corymorpha  palmata: [anchor] 1. polyp anchors in mud substrata using stolons. Campbell 1968 [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [heat-shock proteins, aggression] 1. levels of Hsp70 in relation to warrior-polyp stress. Rossi & Snyder 2001 [Photo, Graph]

Corynactis californica: [aggression, clone] 1. levels of intra- and interspecific aggression. [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [acontia] 1. use of acontia or mesenterial filaments in aggression. [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [aggression] 1. interspecific aggression against cup corals and sea anemones. Chadwick 1987 [Drawing]

Corynactis californica: [aggression] 1. tests of interspecifica aggress against other cnidarians. Chadwick 1987 [Photo, Table of Data]

Corynactis californica: [locomotion] 1. locomotion of polyps after asexual division. Chadwick & Adams 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Corynactis californica: [] 1. photo courtesy Joseph Dougherty, California. Doutherty [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [clone, physiological ecology] 1. effect of reciprocal transplants of clones on several physiological parameters. Edmunds 2007 [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [reproduction, spawning] 1. first description of sexual reproduction in C. californica. Holts & Beauchamp 1993 [Photo]

Corynactis californica: [interspecific] 1. competitively dominant over cup corals Balanophyllia elegans. Chadwick 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Corynactis  californica: [defense] 1. provides the bivalve Chama arcana protection from sea-star predators. Patton et al. 1991 [Photo, Graph]

Coryne sp.: [functional morphology, nematocyst] 1. review of nematocyst action . Kass-Simon & Scappaticci 2002 [Photo, Drawing]

Crab : [cardiovascular, locomotion] 1. cardiac shunting to leg muscles during walking. Wachter & McMahon 1996 [Text only]

Crab : [] 1. reference to work on osmotic abilities. Gross 1957 [Graph]

Crab : [osmotic regulation] 1. reference to work on osmotic abilities. Gross 1959 [Graph]

Crab : [osmotic regulation] 1. reference to general work on osmotic relations of crabs. Prosser et al. 1955 [Text only]

Crab : [] 1. introduction to crabs in Crab part of home file in A Snail's Odyssey website. [Text only]

Crab : [] 1. animation of snail meeting crab. [Animation]

Crab : [] 1. snail's map with crab highlighted. [Drawing]

Crab : [classification] 1. classification of Order Decapoda with emphasis on brachyuran and anomuran crabs. [Text only]

Crab spider: [predation] 1. in Pacific Grove, California are eaten by at least 12 species of fishes. Hines 1982 [Text only]

Crabs : [settlement, upwelling] 1. greater settlement in leeward regions of Bodega Head than in windward, coincidental with upwelling conditions. Mace & Morgan 2006 [Drawing]

Crassicorophium bonelli: [defense] 1. produces silk from glands in its legs to help construct its protective tube. Kronenberger et al. 2011 [Photo, Drawing]

Crassostrea gigas: [suspension feeding] 1. energy cost of pumping. Bernard & Noakes 1990 [Text only]

Crepidula adunca: [parasitism] 1. commonly inhabit the shells of trochid snails. 2. usually considered parasites. Evans 1992 [Photo]

Crepidula adunca: [parasitism] 1. occupies the shells of numerous gastropods. 2. may benefit from some sea-star predation, as the host may itself run from the predator. Vermeij et al. 1987 [Photo, Graph]

Crepidula adunca: [behaviour, mating, protandry, reproduction] 1. description of mating behaviour, fecundity, and development to crawl-away juveniles. Coe 1949 [Drawing]

Crepidula adunca: [behaviour, host] 1. behaviour on host snails Chlorostoma funebralis. 2. crawl-away juveniles of Crepidula often fall off the parent's host snail. Putnam 1964 [Photo, Drawing]

Crepidula onyx: [behaviour, larva, protandry, reproduction] 1. description of mating, fecundity, and free-living larval life. Coe 1949 [Drawing]

Crepidula onyx: [genetics] 1. find general lack of population structure in the Mission Bay, California area. Plutchak et al. 2006 [Photo]

Crepidula onyx: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle, Washington. Schroeder [Photo]

Crepidula plana: [protandry, reproduction] 1. description of penis morphology during change from male to female in sexual development. Coe 1938 [Drawing]

Crepidula spp.: [protandry, reproduction] 1. conditions relating to sexual change from male to female during development. Coe 1938 [Drawing]

Cribrinopsis fernaldi: [development, reproduction, brooding] 1. sexual reproduction involves brooding, then release of planulae. Siebert & Spaulding 1976 [Photo]

Crossaster papposus: [predation] 1. photograph in connection with possible role as predator of sea anemone Stomphia. [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [gas exchange, ctenidia] 1. describes counter-current exchange system in ctenidia. Petersen & Johansen 1973 [Photo, Drawing]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [exretory] 1. reference to a detailed account of the circulatory and excretory systems. Heath 1905 [Text only]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [distribution, habitat, preferences, aging] 1. aging based on growth lines on shell plates. Lord 2011 [Photo, Graph]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Linda Schroeder, Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Seattle. Schroeder [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [orientation, radula, homing] 1. discovery of magnetite in chiton radulae. Lowenstam 1962 [Text only]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [radula] 1. histological study of mineralisation of radular cusps. 2. deposition of magnetite. Carefoot 1965 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [mineralisation, radula] 1. mineralisation of radular cusps. Lowenstam 1967 [Photo, Drawing]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [feeding] 1. video of Cryptochiton stelleri in field. [Video]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [aging, growth] 1. aging through count of growth lines on shell plates. MacGinitie & MacGinitie 1968 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [mark-recapture] 1. use mark-recapture study to determing growth rate and age. Palmer & Frank 1974 [Graph]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [predator] 1. defensive curling of body. [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [acontia, predation] 1. preyed upon by whelk Ocinebrina lurida. Talmadge 1975 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [gonad index, season, spawning] 1. both sexes spawn in Mar/May. Tucker & Giese 1962 [Photo, Graph]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [development, growth, inducer, settlement] 1. algal inducers to settlement and early growth of juveniles. Lord 2011 [Photo, Graph]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [acontia, repair, shell] 1. comparison with Katharina tunicata. Tucker & Giese 1959 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [morphology, symbiont] 1. skin bears protective tufts of spicules that appear to keep away symbionts and settling algal spores. MacGinitie & MacGinitie 1968 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [chemical, symbiont, attractant] 1. Y-tube experiments on attractant factor. Webster 1968 [Photo]

Cryptochiton stelleri: [chemical, symbiont, attractant] 1. Y-tube experiments on attractant factor. Webster 1968 [Photo]

cryptolithodes  typicus: [defense] 1. overhanging carapace does double duty in camouflaging and physical protection. [Video]

Cryptomya californica: [burrowing, commensalism] 1. describes relationship with host shrimp Neorymaea californiensis. Lawry 1987 [Drawing]

Cryptomya californica: [photo courtesy] 1. drawing courtesy C.M. Yonge, England. Yonge 1952 [Drawing]

Cucumaria frondosa: [connective tissue] 1. agents such as calcium and proteins involved in state-transformation of collagenous connective-tissues. Koob et al. 1999 [Photo]

Cucumaria frondosa: [photo courtesy] 1. photo courtesy Barcode of Life Data Systems. [Photo]

Cucumaria miniata: [genetics, larval dispersal] 1. compare genetic structure with a brooding species Cucumaria pseudocurata. Arndt & Smith 1998 [Drawing]

Cucumaria miniata: [development, lecithotrophic] 1. overview of developmental modes in west-coast holothuroids. 2. similar lecithotrophic development to C. piperata, Eupentacta quinqesemita, and Psolus chitonoides. Rutherford 1973 [Photo]

Cucumaria miniata: [tentacle] 1. description of tentacle withdrawal. [Photo]

Cucumaria miniata: [locomotion] 1. description of state-transformation of collagen in body wall. 2. crawls through the tiniest cracks. [Photo]

Cucumaria miniata: [behaviour, spawning] 1. in San Juan Islands, Washington spawn in March-May. 2. description of egg pellet. Shimek 1987 [Photo]

Cucumaria miniata: [spawning] 1. description of egg pellets. McEuen 1988 [Photo]